Extinction and Animals free essay sample

Would it be a good idea for us to keep creatures in zoo? Zoos may appears as though an insensitive method to keep creature bolted up. Be that as it may, the in addition to side to zoos are they help prevent creatures from getting wiped out. They are additionally utilized for creature research which can help repopulate a few animal groups over into nature. Forâ : Zoo life doesn't get ready creatures for the difficulties of life in nature. For instance, two uncommon lynxes discharged into the wild in Colorado kicked the bucket from starvation despite the fact that the zone was loaded with rabbits, which are a lynxs regular prey. Zoo will think about stranded youthful or harmed natural life. * Animals appropriately thought about in Zoos normally carry on with a more drawn out and more beneficial life than those in the wild, and they additionally permit those of us who have never been to the wilds an opportunity to see those creatures with our own eye Againstâ : Diseases regularly spread between species that could never live respectively normally. We will compose a custom exposition test on Eradication and Animals or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For instance, numerous Asian elephants have passed on in US zoos subsequent to getting herpes from African elephants. A few creatures are kept in confines, which show brutality towards these creatures. It shows that they don't consider creatures rights and emotions. Creature ought to reserve the option to go anyplace they need to go * the creatures who live there are kept in walled in areas that dont permit them to live their lives in a characteristic manner. * Animals like polar bears or cats are accustomed to chasing; the zoo with ordinary feedings replaces this propensity. Most creatures kept in zoos would normally meander for several miles every day. Surplus creatures are either killed and at times took care of to their kindred zoo habitants or offered to different zoos or vendors. * Its unnatural condition. * They reward wild creatures as a diversion for individuals as well. Creatures change their conduct in Zoos as it is extraordinary structure nature. Generally speaking I figure zoos can be an extraordinary spot for creatures its the most secure spot for the creatures too they are well feed and they dont have any concerns. in any case, these wont be valid in each zoo. a few zoos can be unreasonably little for the nimals and the creatures may dont like it there. these is subject where there will be a contention can happen As much as I love visiting to zoo I would rather not see creatures bolted up that way, its not characteristic. Creatures are abhorring life in the zoos and they arent persuading an opportunity to be a wild typical creature. On the off chance that you have ever experienced safari you would have seen creatures bouncing in the long grass and chasing food and eating enormous segments of it. do they get the chance to do these things on zoos? no, its equitable not reasonable.

Steroids Essay Example

Steroids Essay There is a tremendous national worry over the abuse and maltreatment of anabolic steroids for upgrade of solid height and execution among serious athletes.â Latest evaluations have demonstrated that around 5% of all secondary school understudies have utilized anabolic steroids, with practically 50% of the high understudies accepting that these medications are not unsafe to their health.â Drug implementation enactments have remembered anabolic steroids for its rundown of traffic-controlled substances (21 USC Sec. 801 1/22/02; Schedule III). However, the master plan of the clinical and research advantages of anabolic medications have been disregarded due to the sensationalize media inclusion of these medications.  Current logical inquires about are as yet uncertain on whether anabolic steroids are amazingly hazardous for organization, inverse to what has been effectively guaranteed by hostile to medicate authorities and government authorities.The Anabolic Steroid Control Act o f 1990 (ASCA) was set up to direct the dispersion of anabolic steroids in the United States.â The Drug Enforcement Administration of the U.S. Branch of Justice has been commanded to execute measures to shield the individuals from these risky drugs.â A four-section meaning of anabolic steroids fills in as a plan to recognize any analogs of the concoction substance that might be wildly apportioned to competitors and other youths.â The definition included substances that are synthetically and pharmacologically like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, just as a nearby similarity in its upgrade for muscle growth.â The Act grouped anabolic steroids in a similar class as barbiturates and LSD antecedents and case that these substances bring about perilous impacts to the human body.â The Act pronounces that any individual trapped in the ownership of these anabolic steroids will be captured and prosecuted.â The rundown of anabolic steroids in the Act is ceaselessly being refresh ed, as new forms of these medications are continuously being made through the years.Anabolic androgenic steroids are testosterone subordinates that are essentially utilized for muscle and execution enhancement.â These medications are every now and again utilized by serious competitors so as to accomplish an edge or better control of their physical quality and execution during pro athletics games.â Retrospective studies showed that anabolic steroids have been utilized since the 1960s to date (Duchaine, 1983), with current national client rates running from 3% to 9% among secondary school understudies alone.â The specific impact of anabolic steroids in the creating human body has not been completely considered, and the expansion in number of reports of young competitors ending it all has called the consideration of the enactment to survey and audit sedate implementation laws covering this particular drug.It has been accounted for that the drawn out utilization of anabolic steroi ds have may make various unfavorable impacts the human body, including liver harm, gynecomastia, atherogenesis, mental scatters, for example, animosity and brutality, and even demise (Balbigian, 2001; Brower, 2002; Glazer, 1991; Pope and Katz, 1990; Malone et al. 1995).â Investigations on the across the nation utilization of anabolic steroids have provoked Congress to build up the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990, which chiefly demonstrates that the non-clinical work of anabolic steroids is deserving of law.â Any infringement will be punished by at any rate 15 days to 5 years detainment or potentially $1,000 to $1,000,000 fine, contingent upon the degree of the violation.â So far, the overall population has upheld the Anabolic Steroid Control Act, generally because of the enormous and aggressor media inclusion of the topic.The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 grouped anabolic steroids as any medication or substance identified with testosterone and utilized for muscle d evelopment increase.â They are Schedule III of controlled substances.â The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 alteration included hormone antecedents, for example, androstenedione and androstenediol as controlled substances without a prescription.â Most anabolic steroids utilized in the United States get through the underground market from other countries.â Even however sources may express the steroids are made by drug specialists and doctors, nobody really realizes who delivered them or how they were produced.â â Some were created in non-clean situations while others might be for the utilization of creatures yet sold for human use.â Production of steroids sold illicitly may have replacements or different issues which can make the substance be perilous even lethal.â Many sold by means of the web are phony steroids which have contained cooking oil or poisonous substances that delivered methanol and additionally blood poisoning.â Incorrect bundled portions and alter ing of the item can likewise be suspected.â Since certain clients utilize more than each steroid in turn, threats of expending terrible substances is increased.â You dont know how a portion of those fixings will respond together.Some examine demonstrates anabolic steroid use may lead clients to other unlawful or potentially lawful medications to balance a portion of the reactions, particularly for insomnia.â There is a restricted measure of research and studies in this area.â A rundown of conceivable physical and mental symptoms of anabolic steroid use has been reported.â These incorporate coronary illness, which explicitly expands the thickness and extension of the left ventricle.â Another symptom is the diminished size of the user’s gonads, just as the experience of immunodeficiencies.â The competitor who has taken anabolic steroids will likewise feel powerful and will really show a forceful behavior.â It has been accounted for the Hitler verifiably utilized anabolic steroids during World War II so as to expand his forcefulness towards his troops.â as far as harm to human wellbeing, anabolic steroids annihilate the liver just as change connective tissues to a condition that these are handily harmed or torn.Adolescents taking anabolic steroids have been accounted for to show hindered development and experience the ill effects of blood clumps and a sleeping disorder or unordinary rest patterns.â as far as the impacts of anabolic steroid on an individual’s blood science, there are accounted for that a client will encounter a raised LDL cholesterol level just as a bringing down of HDL cholesterol level.â Interestingly, grown-ups taking anabolic steroids experience moderate to extreme skin inflammation in light of the fact that anabolic steroids impact changes in his endocrine system.â An anabolic steroid client likewise faces the opportunity of securing prostate malignant growth at a prior age.â Certain male anabolic stero id clients see that their bosoms begin creating and a few clients experience transitory to lasting infertility.â Other clients have invigorated cravings, psychoses and disposition swings.â Increasing the dose and joining steroids additionally expands dangers of conceivable side effects.â Some symptoms can be switched after stoppage of steroid use and different impacts can't be reversed.â It ought to be noticed that the aftereffects of symptoms may take months or years before they are obvious considerably after the individual has quit utilizing them.â Recent proof demonstrates withdrawal manifestations happen in long haul clients who quit utilizing anabolic steroids.However, the genuine negative impacts of the utilization of anabolic steroidal medications have not been exhaustively explored to date, and that the reports that have been revealed in the media have been secluded cases chosen from a great many instances of high school clients around the United States.â Scienti fically, the antagonistic impacts from the drawn out utilization of anabolic steroids stay uncertain to date, and in fact, anabolic steroid use has been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of clinical disorders.â In one report, it has of late been resolved that the impact of an anabolic steroid to the treatment of weight reduction in human immunodeficiency infection (HIV)- contaminated patients is equally viable and sheltered when contrasted with the regularly regulated recombinant development hormone that has been affirmed by the Food and Drug Administration (Storer et al. 2005).â In another situation, the organization of an anabolic steroid has been useful in prostate malignant growth patients by forestalling further relocation of prostate disease cells to different pieces of the body (Guerini et al. 2005).â The anabolic steroid oxandrolone has been effectively utilized in the treatment of muscle misfortune in patients determined to have Duchenne strong dystrophy and might be a potential incredible contender for general treatment of such kinds of patients (Balagopal et al. 2006).Scientific research shows that anabolic steroids give more useful impacts than what has been asserted by enactment as genuine, antagonistic impacts to the human body.â More in this way, the adverse reports that have related with the utilization of anabolic steroids have not been examined deductively and have just accomplished a lot of consideration through the assistance of media and press coverage.â Therefore, it is basic that the authoritative bodies audit the limitations related with the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 and completely decide the real impacts of anabolic steroid intake.â It is remorseful to realize that there are different medications and exercises that are significantly more injurious or hurtful to individuals yet are not effectively constrained by the Senate, including smoking, corrective medical procedure and over-the-counter medications, for example, anti-inflamatory medicine and ibuprofen, which has caused considerably more instances of passings and hospitalizations that anabolic steroids.Based on the above data on the momentum status, information and utilization of anabolic steroids, a few support bunches have recommended that anabolic steroids be authorized for use in the United States.â In turn, these gatherings accentuate the requirement for additional logical research to decide the instruments of act

Of the 70 Writers Nominated for the 1967 Nobel, Meet the 4 Women

Of the 70 Writers Nominated for the 1967 Nobel, Meet the 4 Women The Swedish Academy, which grants the Nobel Prize in Literature, keeps their nominees secret for fifty years after each award. At that point, they open their musty archives to the public. M.A. Orthofer over at the Literary Saloon  is always among the first to notice. He posted a few observations about whats been released about the 1967 prize, which went to  Miguel Ángel Asturias. You can find the PDF of the nominations list online. (Warning: Its in Swedish. Föreslag, I assume, must mean nominated.) According to Orthofer,  first-time nominees for the 1967 prize included future winners Saul Bellow and Claude Simon, as well as Jorge Amado, Jean Genet, György Lukács â€" and the (as best I can tell) last surviving nominee, Hans Magnus Enzensberger. He amended that later, noting that  Lina Kostenko and Ivan Drach are both still alive. The 70-strong list of writers nominated for 67, Orthofer writes, was eventually whittled down to three. These were Asturias (the eventual winner), Graham Greene, and Jorge Luis Borges. Also notable is that out of the 70 writers on the list just five seem to have been women. Svetlana Alexievich, who won the prize in 2015, was just the fourteenth woman to win the prize since it was first given in 1901. The prize has largely celebrated Europeans and men, and male Europeans, so its unsurprising that the nominations list is weighted toward men. But the women who made it: Marie Luise Kaschnitz Kaschnitz  (1901-1974) was a German short story writer, novelist, essayist, and poet. According to Britannica, she expressed an anguished, unflinching vision of the modern world that was nevertheless tempered by guarded feelings of optimism and hope. Such later collections of poems as Dein Schweigen, meine Stimme (1962; “Your Silence, My Voice”) reflect the sorrow and loneliness Kaschnitz experienced upon the death of her husband, and her subsequent search for meaning and stability in her life. Kaschnitz also wrote autobiographical novels, including Wohin denn ich (1963; “Whither Then I”), and the notable short-story collection Lange Schatten (1960; “Long Shadows”). She also wrote essays as well as radio and stage plays. Read two of her poems, Hiroshima and Not Brave, translated by Eavan Boland. Katherine Anne Porter Porter (1890-1980) won the Pulitzer in 1966 for her  Collected Stories.   There is a lovely interview with her in  The Paris Review,  in which she says, I’ve never made a career of anything, you know, not even of writing. I started out with nothing in the world but a kind of passion, a driving desire. I don’t know where it came from, and I don’t know whyâ€"or why I have been so stubborn about it that nothing could deflect me. Read He by Porter online, or get her  Collected Stories  at your local bookshop or library. Anna Seghers Seghers (1900-1983), born Netty Reiling, was a German Jewish writer best-known for her anti-fascist novels. Over at Love German Books, Katy Derbishire wrote in 2010: Now if were going to go digging up dead German writers, Anna Seghers really ought to be one of them. She had a heck of a lot to say about the rise of fascism and resistance against it, complicity in it, and so on. Die Toten bleiben jung (1949), for instance, which the East German authorities didnt really want her to publish while very much of its time in the sense that the communists are all perfect is a fascinating fictional analysis that spans various classes from 1918 to 1945. Great structure too. Or someone could put together a lovely anthology of her very good short stories. Translated short stories by a dead German communist woman bound to be a bestseller. Her  Transit  has since appeared, translated by  Margot Bettauer Dembo, and her  Crossing: A Love Story  appeared in 2016, translated by Douglas Irving, although I dont see any short stories. Judith Wright Wright (1915-2000) was best-known as a poet. But, according to the Judith Wright Centre,  she also wrote children’s stories, books of criticism, and Generations Of Men, a novel about her grandparents who were early settlers in Queensland’s Dawson Valley. Of her work, the University of Melbournes Kevin Brophy writes: Everyone loves Judith Wright. Her poetry was consistently brilliant and stunningly lyrical. She opened Australian eyes in the 1940s to the possibilities of modernism in poetry, she opened our eyes to the engagement poetry can have with philosophical ideas, with history, and with the guilt, racism, pride and violence in that history, she opened our eyes to our landscapes, our flora and fauna. You can read several of her poems at the website All Poetry. Lina Kostenko Kestenko (1930- ) is one of the few on the list who is still alive, and thus could still potentially win the Nobel. Best-known as a poet, she was the recipient of the 1987 Shevschenko Award. There seems to be no collection of the Ukranian authors work in translation, although there are individual poems, such as A Love Poem, translated  by Slava Galperin and Alex Zeyliger, and Beware the Censor in Yourself,  translated by Artyom Timeyev. An earlier version of this post had only spotted four of the women on the list. Thanks, as ever, to M.A. Orthofer for the save.

The Theory Of Lying As Being The Most Widely Accepted...

Webster’s Dictionary defines lying as â€Å"an assertion of something known or believed by the speaker to be untrue with the intent to deceive.† Although there are many definitions of what lying is they are often condemned wrong by many philosophers. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes one definition of lying as being the most widely accepted definition. â€Å"A lie is a statement made by one who does not believe it with the intention that someone else shall be led to believe it.† The reason this definition is often accepted by most is because in order to object and revise this definition in anyway one must first explain the four imperative conditions for lying. An individual must first make a statement, the individual must believe the†¦show more content†¦The individual telling the respectable lie does not lie for any type of personal gain or satisfaction. In Judith Viorst piece The Truth about Lying, states the reason why people tell respect able, or protective lies, is because â€Å"they are often convinced that the truth would be too damaging.† Judith Viorst goes on to state that â€Å"they lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied.† An example Judith Viorst uses to describe this type of lie is parents lying to their children about their marital status. The couple may not be want to inform their children of their failing marriage to avoid the possibility of any emotional damages the truth may cause. Another example of a respectable lie would be a combat medic lying to a dying Soldier in order to keep the Soldier calm so they may pass away in peace. An excusable can be described as a lie that is understandable and inconsequential. This specific type of lie is universally known as a white lie. An excusable lie does not always cause harm to any one person. Instead, this type of lie is most times used by an individual who is lying to avoid blame or punishment. An example would be a Soldier showing up late to physical training because they over slept and then telling their Sargent they were late because they had a flat tire. In The Truth about Lying, Judith Viorst discusses social lies. She stated that most people she talked to

Essay on Dating Anxiety - 708 Words

Dating Anxiety Have you ever been really stressed about something? Think of the time when you have been the most stressed out. Multiply that to the 10th power and you have me before a date. It seems to me dating and stress are like salt and pepper; you almost never have one without the other. Endless anticipations flood your mind, making it almost impossible to keep a continuous train of thought. The worst thing about dating is that you get seriously stressed out for one lousy night. It’s enough to turn a sane mind into a basket case. So much energy is put into preparing for a night that ends up being pretty lame. One thing is for sure; dating is not worth the stress it brings. Here are some examples of typical stresses you are faced†¦show more content†¦Tension is filling the house so you decide to wait outside. While waiting for your date you get ambushed by mosquitoes. Now your arms are covered in itchy red bumps that will be nagging at you the entire evening. By the time your date finally arrives, your hair has turned into a frizzy rat’s nest from waiting in the humidity, not to mention you are in the worst mood possible. You get in the car trying to fake a genuine smile and just when you start to chill out and relax the next issue is faced: where to go. Of course your date leaves this crucial decision entirely up to you. After thinking through all of the spots you like to go to, you pick one that seems to suit you both. Unfortunately, you picked the place where your date’s ex-girlfriend likes to go. So you spend the whole evening trying to spark a good conversation as your date jealously eyeballs all the guys his ex is flirting with. After you realize the night is not going to get any better, you get the tab and ask your date for a ride home. Just when you think it’s over and you’re in the clear, you arrive at the most awkward situation of the evening: saying goodnight. Tradition says that there must be a kiss before the night is officially over, but there is absolutely no physical attraction betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Many Benefits of Online Dating Essays884 Words   |  4 Pagesaspects of our lives conform to the internet, that online dating should also begin to be more prevalent in how we form new romantic relationships. Online dating is the new normal, and this is more evident now than ever. Online dating gives people searching for a new union an edge that they didn’t have before. They are able to â€Å"shop† for potential connections before their initial contact. According to Droge and Voirol (2011), online dating is here to stay because it allows people to more carefullyRead MoreKeeping The Ground Rules For Dating Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesNow that my daughters have reached teenage hood, I know dating will be right around the corner. Not that silly elementary school boyfriend girlfriend stuff, but real honest to goodness dating. 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Republic Day Free Essays

Dear brothers and sisters, India celebrates our 63nd Republic Day which is one of three national days in India. Commonly 63rd Republic Day is a public holiday in most of the countries to honor the day on which the country first became republics. In such some are Commonwealth countries, the British sovereign was ruling the state until the change of status. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though India obtained freedom on August 15, 1947, Indian Constitution implemented and came into effect only on January 26, 1950. King George VI, the last and only â€Å"King† of the modern India, was leading our state during the evolution period from 1947 to 1950. Lord Mountbatten and C. Rajagopalachari were serving as the Governors-General of India at that time. Afterwards Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first president of India on January 26, 1950. With this the Parliament officially approved the Constitution of India and declared itself as a â€Å"Republic† on January 26, 1950, a date thereafter celebrated every year as Republic Day in India. The Constitution had been prepared by the Constituent Assembly based upon India is becoming the liberal from the British rulers in 1947. So we can consider 26th of January was initially India’s â€Å"Independence Day†. As everybody know Mahatma Gandhi, the father of nation, had taken a lot of efforts to get freedom for India by many symbolic acts during India’s Freedom Struggle against the British colonial rule. Acceptation of the Constitution on January 26, had given an extra strength to Country that has obtained liberty from the British Raj on August 15, 1947. There are two other annual national holidays in India apart from Republic day. One is Independence Day on August 15, 1947 and other one is birthday of Mohandas K Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi on October 2. Lets talk about India Republic Day celebration official celebration in New Delhi. According to he Republic Day celebration on January 26th every year a grand parade is held in New Delhi, the Capital of India, beginning from Raisina Hill near the Presidential Palace Rashtrapati Bhavan, along the Rajpath, past India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort in the heart of the city to honor this occasion. Defence forces of state, Indian Army f orce, the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force performs the past in parade with their ceremonial dress and official decorations on this auspicious occasion of Republic Day. The President of India, who is also the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute from the parade. There will be an invited Head of State of another nation as Chief Guest of the parade which is the highlights of Republic Day celebrations. The Republic day parade also involves many customary dance groups, to signify the cultural legacy of India. At the end of parade Air Force jets perform a colourful flypast by in a tiranga formation which is adventurous and eye-catching at a time. Similar celebrations with such parades are held in the capitals of all the states of India on the Republic day. The Governor of the each state takes the salute in their respective celebrations. More over all official government offices will also celebrate this national day which is also considered as people’s day. At the beginning of parade on Republic day, the Prime Minister of India wears a wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate, honoring all the jawans who missed their worth lives for the country in the war. Then he address the public and give Republic day message in his Republic day speech. Next to this the President comes in his motorcade with the escorts of his bodyguards. Foreign Head of State – who is the Chief Guest at the celebration will follow the President in the Republic day Parade. Once finish this salutation, a 21 gun salute is presented, the President unfurls the National Flag and the National Anthem is performed. This regards the beginning of the parade. The Republic day Parade commences with winners of bravery awards passing the President in open jeeps. Then all of the Armed Forces of India divisions salute the President of India. The Republic parade also sees the Indian Military exhibiting its latest acquirements such as tanks, missiles, radars, etc. There are also considerable parades from the various departments Police contingents, Home guards , Civil Defence and the National Cadet Corps. A colorful cultural parade will follow the military parade. In this cultural parade India’s wealthy cultural tradition is displayed with tableaux from various states. Each state represents its distinctive festivals, historical locations and art forms. The next will be the ride past of children, who have won national bravery award winners at last year, on elephants. School-children from all over the country also take part in the parade on the republic Day. The most adventurous item is the next one, displays of skillful motor-cycle riding, usually by Armed Forces. Following this the fly past of Indian Air Force salutes the president symbolically by fight planes. The republic Day celebration will not be end in one day. The official closing ceremony of Republic Day festivities will be held on the third day evening of January 29 after Republic Day. This is renowned as Beating the Retreat. On this occasion of this Republic Day we should stick with our own pledge for our Bharatha Matha to save the country and ourselves. The Republic day pledge should be against terrorism and corruption and we should stand for honesty which is taught by Mahatma Ghandi, father of the country. Also our leaders must be corruption free and alert to threats those we are facing from the countries like Pakistan, China and US. Unlike the US, Pakistan and China have been aggressive ups and downs in India’s relationship with them. Therefore Leaders in Indian Government must attempt with effective discussions to eliminate the issues which are threatening India recently. India should not come again in the situation like attacks to Mumbai, Indian most commercial City. Let’s dream and hope for corruption free and other threats free peaceful India in upcoming years and contribute from our side. How to cite Republic Day, Papers Republic Day Free Essays Republic Day is India’s great national festival. The Constitution of India has been in effect since January 26, 1950, a date celebrated annually as Republic Day in India. It is a national holiday in India. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now To mark the importance of this occasion, It is celebrated every year on January 26, in New Delhi with great pomp and pageant and in capitals of the States, as well as at other headquarters and important places with patriotic fervor. Background It was the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress at midnight of December 31, 1929 – January 1, 1930, that the Tri-Colour Flag was unfurled by the nationalists and a pledge taken that every year on January 26, the â€Å"Independence Day† would be celebrated and that the people would unceasingly strive for the establishment of a Sovereign Democratic Republic of India. The professed pledge was successfully redeemed on January 26, 1950, when the Constitution of India framed by the Constituent Assembly of India came into force, although the Independence from the British rule was achieved on August 15, 1947. It is because of this that August 15 is celebrated as Independence Day, while January 26 as Republic Day. Celebrations To mark the importance of this occasion, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, from the Raisena Hill near the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President’s Palace), along the Rajpath, past India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort. The different regiments of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, takes the salute. In the States, the Governors take the salute, and in Taluqas and administrative headquarters on same procedure is adopted. At Vijay Chowk in New Delhi, three days later (i.e. 29th January) the massed bands of the Armed Forces â€Å"Beat the Retreat† in a majestic manner. The Republic Day celebrations have rightly become world famous as one of the greatest shows on earth drawing thousands of eager sight-seers from all over the country and many parts of the world. No other country can draw on such a wealth of tribal traditions and cultures, so many regional forms of dances and dress. And, no other  country in the world can parade so many ethnically different people in splendid uniforms as India’s Armed Forces. But they are all united in their proven loyalty to the Government elected by the people and in their proud traditions and legendary gallant How to cite Republic Day, Papers Republic Day Free Essays Republic Day Speech 2009 Ladies Gentlemen! My heartiest felicitations to you on the occasion of 60th Republic Day! This is a sacred day for each one of us, when we come together to pay tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of the independence and sovereignty of our nation. Today we remember the extraordinary contribution of all those, who have toiled to build a free and modern India. Chandigarh, in itself is a Mini India symbolizing a truly dynamic City, with a success story of growth and development, achieved through public partnerships. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Administration has made great strides in every field, with a special emphasis on ensuring social justice, safe and secure environment, high quality civic life and equal opportunities for everyone to grow. Adding another milestone, the City has become the first Plastic Free city after becoming the first Smoke Free City of the country. Various mega projects including Le Corbusier Center, Education City, Modern Terminal Market, Housing project for Slum Dwellers, Warehousing project, Milk Village etc. are in the pipeline. The upcoming Chandigarh International Airport will further boost the stature of Chandigarh at the national and international level. The Administration is dedicated to provide proper facilities to disadvantaged sections, senior citizens, economically weaker sections and has undertaken various schemes. Two landmark projects namely AASHA KIRAN – A vocational training Centre for differently abled and AASHREYA – A home where the mentally challenged, would learn and live with comfort and dignity, have been launched. Both these prestigious projects focus on empowerment and creation of an ‘Inclusive Barrier- Free Society’ with an aim of securing all rights of disabled persons in a practical way. The first phase of the Street Children Home Vocational Training Center at Village Maloya, a project set up of Rs. 7. 40 crore has already started. The second phase would be functional soon which will accommodate 300 street girls for empowering them. The Tourism Industry in the city has witnessed paradigm shift consequent to various initiatives taken by the Chandigarh Administration. Chandigarh Tourism has won Today’s Traveller Platinum Award for the most Responsible Tourism Plan of 2008. Efforts are being made by the Administration for getting the name of the city in UNESCO’s permanent World Heritage List. In order to pay homage to the creator of Chandigarh and great French Architect Le Corbusier, the Le Corbusier Centre has been launched in Sector 19. The Center showcases and exhibits the multifaceted life and works of Le Corbusier, to acquaint future generations with the rich cultural heritage of the city. Apart from organizing cultural events pertaining to the region, the Administration has also organized cultural events of other states. A major initiative was ‘Poompoohar 2008’ which was jointly organized by the Chandigarh Administration and the Tamilnadu Government. The Health and Family Welfare of the residents is always paramount. The first phase of the Regional Center for Mentally Handicapped in Sector 31 will be operational shortly providing comprehensive training and education to at least 1000 mentally challenged children. Facilities like diagnostic and medical care, training, counseling for the prevention of disability and training facility for the parents and guardians of the mentally challenged children will be made available. New facilities of Bronchoscopy and Computed Radiography System have been installed at Government Multi Specialty Hospital, Sector-16. Trauma Unit with emergency operation theatres has also been added in the GMSH 16. In order to provide assistance to the people residing in the backward areas of the city, Health Melas are being organized from time to time. The commitment to provide good facilities and infrastructure for health is being further reinforced by major infrastructural additions. The Administration is building a new OPD Block which will cost around Rs. 8. 46 crores, in the Govt. Multi Speciality Hospital, Sector 16. In addition, the work to have a new E-block, which will cost more than Rs. 23. 00 Crores, has already started in the GMCH-32. In the coming year the Administration also proposes to create additional infrastructures for various dispensaries, polyclinics and health facilities. The issue of Education has always remained at the top of the Administration’s priority list. With the incessant efforts made by the Administration the decks are finally cleared, for setting up the Education City, at Sarangpur Institution Area, with the signing of 9 MoUs with the Chandigarh Administration. We have further strengthened the Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan and expanded the Mid Day Meal Programme up to the upper primary level. We are also establishing new techniques to build high quality model Schools. Special emphasis is being laid on the Placement Cell in each college for curbing unemployment. The Chandigarh Administration has taken initiatives for promoting Chandigarh as a Knowledge City and has received huge investments from various IT Companies. The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP) once completed will create more than 60000 IT jobs. Already, more than 8000 IT professionals are working in the RGCTP. I am happy to inform you that this year till November 2008, the software exports from RGCTP alone have crossed Rs. 400 Crores. Infosys has completed its second software development block and Tech Mahindra and Bharti Airtel are expected to operationalise their Centres by April 2009. Similarly most of the BTS sites are also under development. As a part of e-Governance initiatives, the Department Information Technology has made technology available at grass root level through Sampark Centers and e-Gram Sampark Centers. As many as 27 varied Public Utility Services are being provided from 10 e-Sampark Centers in different parts of the city and 13 e- Gram Sampark Centers spread across the villages of Union Territory. These centers have given major relief to the rural people by providing one stop solution centers in their neighborhood. In order to ensure transparency in its delivery mechanism, the Department of Food Civil Supplies has initiated the process of a smart card based Public Distribution System. The Detailed Project Report has been approved by the Government of India and the process of selection of the partner is in process. The Administration has dedicated two major projects to the residents of the city including the Beant Singh Memorial Center for Performing and Visual Arts and a New Lake in Sector 42. These two projects, have given city residents a major fillip, especially those residing in the Southern Sectors. With the reopening of the spruced up Tagore Theatre costing about Rs. 9 crore the city will witness more and more cultural activities. Though we have limited villages in U. T. of Chandigarh, it is a commitment of the Administration to provide city like facilities in the villages. While drinking water facility, sewerage, storm water have already been extended to the villages, in the next financial year the Administration proposes to provide city-like street lights and start shifting from tube-well-based water supply to canal-based water supply for the villages. Plans in this regard are already being prepared. Those villages which have come within the MC limit, have also been planned by the Municipal Corporation for up-gradation of all types of infrastructure including roads, street lights, water supply, storm water community centers, parks etc. We have all faced the problem of increasing traffic day-by-day in Chandigarh. The Administration, being conscious of this fact, has taken initiative to improve the roads. On this we will spend Rs. 26 crores on improving the existing roads, on widening and four-laning of roads of Chandigarh and also on route No. for Panchkula from Dakshin Marg, which is likely to be operational by May 2009. This has been a long pending demand of the residents of City which, I am glad, is being fulfilled. The residents of the city have been clamouring for large number of changes in the building rules of Chandigarh. After due deliberations with different stake holders and after a long time, the Chandigarh Administration has made larger number of people friendly and need based amendments in the building rules, which I am glad, will go a long way in meeting the day-to-day requirements of the people of Chandigarh. In addition, various processes for clearance of building plans etc. are also being streamlined so that people do not face any problem. The Sports infrastructure of the city is among the best in the country. Lately, the opportunity given to the UT Administration for holding the â€Å"54th National School Games 2008-09†, a Sports extravaganza, with more than 31 states and UTs participating has proven that the city possess State-of-the-art sports infrastructure required for hosting such National Events. The credit for this goes to the Sports Department which has been striving for not just creating world class infrastructure but also maintaining it. Soon, Floodlights would be installed at Cricket Stadium, Sector 16 and a new Astroturf Hockey Stadium and a New Basketball Court at Sector 42 would also be set up. The City Beautiful has an edge over entire nation as the young shooter Abhinav Bindra, brought laurels to the country by winning the first ever Olympic Gold in an Individual category. The Administration has taken up major initiatives in making Chandigarh a Slum Free City. The Chandigarh Housing Board will provide housing to 25,728 slum dwelling families thus making the city beautiful a Slum Free city. The Administration is also conscious of the housing needs of its citizens and as such plans have been made by the Board to provide more than 13000 houses in the UT. The implementation of providing more houses has already started with 2200 dwelling units of different categories already under construction. Keeping in view the recent advancements in the technology and the imperative need for conserving scarce natural resources, CHB plans to go in for construction of Green Intelligent Buildings. It is through our consistent efforts that the City Beautiful is known as the Green City of India. The Green cover of Chandigarh is 35. 7% of its total geographical area. The Botanical Garden has been developed over 176 acres and has the rarest medicinal plants, apart from being a walker’s paradise. The Department is also in the process of establishment of a world class aquarium. In order to contain pollution and encourage clean fuel in the city, the UT Administration has started a drive to replace the existing Auto Rickshaws with LPG driven Auto Rickshaws. The Chandigarh Police is among the most organized and Tech Savvy in the country. As per the recent survey conducted by one of the leading national magazine, Chandigarh has been rated as one of the top performing UT in handling law order. Keeping in view the need for cyber security, a Cyber Crime Investigation Cell has been established. In order to provide security to the tourists in the city, Tourism Police has been launched in the city with the combine efforts of the Department of Tourism and Chandigarh Police. On the auspicious day, I on behalf of Chandigarh Administration convey heartfelt sympathies to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks. Such unfortunate incidents are cowardly acts and will never shake the faith of the nation. The country will forge towards development and growth and deal with these elements with an iron hand. On this momentous occasion, I once again call upon all of you, for an active participation and contribute to the progress and prosperity of the city and the nation as a whole. I, once again, convey my heartfelt wishes to you all on this auspicious day. Jai Hind! How to cite Republic Day, Essay examples Republic Day Free Essays Republic Day Speech 2009 Ladies Gentlemen! My heartiest felicitations to you on the occasion of 60th Republic Day! This is a sacred day for each one of us, when we come together to pay tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who laid down their lives for the sake of the independence and sovereignty of our nation. Today we remember the extraordinary contribution of all those, who have toiled to build a free and modern India. Chandigarh, in itself is a Mini India symbolizing a truly dynamic City, with a success story of growth and development, achieved through public partnerships. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Administration has made great strides in every field, with a special emphasis on ensuring social justice, safe and secure environment, high quality civic life and equal opportunities for everyone to grow. Adding another milestone, the City has become the first Plastic Free city after becoming the first Smoke Free City of the country. Various mega projects including Le Corbusier Center, Education City, Modern Terminal Market, Housing project for Slum Dwellers, Warehousing project, Milk Village etc. are in the pipeline. The upcoming Chandigarh International Airport will further boost the stature of Chandigarh at the national and international level. The Administration is dedicated to provide proper facilities to disadvantaged sections, senior citizens, economically weaker sections and has undertaken various schemes. Two landmark projects namely AASHA KIRAN – A vocational training Centre for differently abled and AASHREYA – A home where the mentally challenged, would learn and live with comfort and dignity, have been launched. Both these prestigious projects focus on empowerment and creation of an ‘Inclusive Barrier- Free Society’ with an aim of securing all rights of disabled persons in a practical way. The first phase of the Street Children Home Vocational Training Center at Village Maloya, a project set up of Rs. 7. 40 crore has already started. The second phase would be functional soon which will accommodate 300 street girls for empowering them. The Tourism Industry in the city has witnessed paradigm shift consequent to various initiatives taken by the Chandigarh Administration. Chandigarh Tourism has won Today’s Traveller Platinum Award for the most Responsible Tourism Plan of 2008. Efforts are being made by the Administration for getting the name of the city in UNESCO’s permanent World Heritage List. In order to pay homage to the creator of Chandigarh and great French Architect Le Corbusier, the Le Corbusier Centre has been launched in Sector 19. The Center showcases and exhibits the multifaceted life and works of Le Corbusier, to acquaint future generations with the rich cultural heritage of the city. Apart from organizing cultural events pertaining to the region, the Administration has also organized cultural events of other states. A major initiative was ‘Poompoohar 2008’ which was jointly organized by the Chandigarh Administration and the Tamilnadu Government. The Health and Family Welfare of the residents is always paramount. The first phase of the Regional Center for Mentally Handicapped in Sector 31 will be operational shortly providing comprehensive training and education to at least 1000 mentally challenged children. Facilities like diagnostic and medical care, training, counseling for the prevention of disability and training facility for the parents and guardians of the mentally challenged children will be made available. New facilities of Bronchoscopy and Computed Radiography System have been installed at Government Multi Specialty Hospital, Sector-16. Trauma Unit with emergency operation theatres has also been added in the GMSH 16. In order to provide assistance to the people residing in the backward areas of the city, Health Melas are being organized from time to time. The commitment to provide good facilities and infrastructure for health is being further reinforced by major infrastructural additions. The Administration is building a new OPD Block which will cost around Rs. 8. 46 crores, in the Govt. Multi Speciality Hospital, Sector 16. In addition, the work to have a new E-block, which will cost more than Rs. 23. 00 Crores, has already started in the GMCH-32. In the coming year the Administration also proposes to create additional infrastructures for various dispensaries, polyclinics and health facilities. The issue of Education has always remained at the top of the Administration’s priority list. With the incessant efforts made by the Administration the decks are finally cleared, for setting up the Education City, at Sarangpur Institution Area, with the signing of 9 MoUs with the Chandigarh Administration. We have further strengthened the Sarv Shiksha Abhiyan and expanded the Mid Day Meal Programme up to the upper primary level. We are also establishing new techniques to build high quality model Schools. Special emphasis is being laid on the Placement Cell in each college for curbing unemployment. The Chandigarh Administration has taken initiatives for promoting Chandigarh as a Knowledge City and has received huge investments from various IT Companies. The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park (RGCTP) once completed will create more than 60000 IT jobs. Already, more than 8000 IT professionals are working in the RGCTP. I am happy to inform you that this year till November 2008, the software exports from RGCTP alone have crossed Rs. 400 Crores. Infosys has completed its second software development block and Tech Mahindra and Bharti Airtel are expected to operationalise their Centres by April 2009. Similarly most of the BTS sites are also under development. As a part of e-Governance initiatives, the Department Information Technology has made technology available at grass root level through Sampark Centers and e-Gram Sampark Centers. As many as 27 varied Public Utility Services are being provided from 10 e-Sampark Centers in different parts of the city and 13 e- Gram Sampark Centers spread across the villages of Union Territory. These centers have given major relief to the rural people by providing one stop solution centers in their neighborhood. In order to ensure transparency in its delivery mechanism, the Department of Food Civil Supplies has initiated the process of a smart card based Public Distribution System. The Detailed Project Report has been approved by the Government of India and the process of selection of the partner is in process. The Administration has dedicated two major projects to the residents of the city including the Beant Singh Memorial Center for Performing and Visual Arts and a New Lake in Sector 42. These two projects, have given city residents a major fillip, especially those residing in the Southern Sectors. With the reopening of the spruced up Tagore Theatre costing about Rs. 9 crore the city will witness more and more cultural activities. Though we have limited villages in U. T. of Chandigarh, it is a commitment of the Administration to provide city like facilities in the villages. While drinking water facility, sewerage, storm water have already been extended to the villages, in the next financial year the Administration proposes to provide city-like street lights and start shifting from tube-well-based water supply to canal-based water supply for the villages. Plans in this regard are already being prepared. Those villages which have come within the MC limit, have also been planned by the Municipal Corporation for up-gradation of all types of infrastructure including roads, street lights, water supply, storm water community centers, parks etc. We have all faced the problem of increasing traffic day-by-day in Chandigarh. The Administration, being conscious of this fact, has taken initiative to improve the roads. On this we will spend Rs. 26 crores on improving the existing roads, on widening and four-laning of roads of Chandigarh and also on route No. for Panchkula from Dakshin Marg, which is likely to be operational by May 2009. This has been a long pending demand of the residents of City which, I am glad, is being fulfilled. The residents of the city have been clamouring for large number of changes in the building rules of Chandigarh. After due deliberations with different stake holders and after a long time, the Chandigarh Administration has made larger number of people friendly and need based amendments in the building rules, which I am glad, will go a long way in meeting the day-to-day requirements of the people of Chandigarh. In addition, various processes for clearance of building plans etc. are also being streamlined so that people do not face any problem. The Sports infrastructure of the city is among the best in the country. Lately, the opportunity given to the UT Administration for holding the â€Å"54th National School Games 2008-09†, a Sports extravaganza, with more than 31 states and UTs participating has proven that the city possess State-of-the-art sports infrastructure required for hosting such National Events. The credit for this goes to the Sports Department which has been striving for not just creating world class infrastructure but also maintaining it. Soon, Floodlights would be installed at Cricket Stadium, Sector 16 and a new Astroturf Hockey Stadium and a New Basketball Court at Sector 42 would also be set up. The City Beautiful has an edge over entire nation as the young shooter Abhinav Bindra, brought laurels to the country by winning the first ever Olympic Gold in an Individual category. The Administration has taken up major initiatives in making Chandigarh a Slum Free City. The Chandigarh Housing Board will provide housing to 25,728 slum dwelling families thus making the city beautiful a Slum Free city. The Administration is also conscious of the housing needs of its citizens and as such plans have been made by the Board to provide more than 13000 houses in the UT. The implementation of providing more houses has already started with 2200 dwelling units of different categories already under construction. Keeping in view the recent advancements in the technology and the imperative need for conserving scarce natural resources, CHB plans to go in for construction of Green Intelligent Buildings. It is through our consistent efforts that the City Beautiful is known as the Green City of India. The Green cover of Chandigarh is 35. 7% of its total geographical area. The Botanical Garden has been developed over 176 acres and has the rarest medicinal plants, apart from being a walker’s paradise. The Department is also in the process of establishment of a world class aquarium. In order to contain pollution and encourage clean fuel in the city, the UT Administration has started a drive to replace the existing Auto Rickshaws with LPG driven Auto Rickshaws. The Chandigarh Police is among the most organized and Tech Savvy in the country. As per the recent survey conducted by one of the leading national magazine, Chandigarh has been rated as one of the top performing UT in handling law order. Keeping in view the need for cyber security, a Cyber Crime Investigation Cell has been established. In order to provide security to the tourists in the city, Tourism Police has been launched in the city with the combine efforts of the Department of Tourism and Chandigarh Police. On the auspicious day, I on behalf of Chandigarh Administration convey heartfelt sympathies to the victims of the Mumbai terror attacks. Such unfortunate incidents are cowardly acts and will never shake the faith of the nation. The country will forge towards development and growth and deal with these elements with an iron hand. On this momentous occasion, I once again call upon all of you, for an active participation and contribute to the progress and prosperity of the city and the nation as a whole. I, once again, convey my heartfelt wishes to you all on this auspicious day. Jai Hind! How to cite Republic Day, Papers Republic Day Free Essays â€Å"No Hindu, No Muslim, No Christian, We are just Indian. † Respected judges, respected teachers and dear audience. Today we gather here to celebrate one of the National festivals of India, it is Republic day. We will write a custom essay sample on Republic Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a great opportunities for me, as you allowed me to share few words on this occasion. On this day, it was January 26, 1950 we declared our country as a Republic country by adopting our own constitution. Actually, the preparation of our constitution was over earlier than this date but we choose January 26 for this, because this date has its own significance earlier than this day. It was January 26, 1930 on the bank of river Ravi, our freedom fighters pledged to attain â€Å"Sampurna Swaraj† and started new agitations to make India freedom from the British Rule. So, on 1950 on this day we declared our India as a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic. As this festival is related to our nation, it is celebrated all over our country. It celebrated in schools, colleges, government and non government offices and industries. It becomes a public festival as every Indian celebrates it. On the eve of this day, our honourable President gives a message to the nation. In his/her message he/she analyses the achievements of government and gives indications towards the future plans of the government towards the welfare of our country. All over the country people celebrates this festival. In national capital Delhi, there is a grand celebration. People from every corner of the country come here to participate in the grand Republic day celebration. The grand celebration occurs at the India Gate and Rajpath of New Delhi. The entire route is decorated with our national flags. Many foreign delegates also come to witness India’s progress on this occasion. At the beginning of the celebration, our Prime Minister salutes the martyrs of soldiers who laid their life lives for our country on Amar Jawan Jyothi, at the India Gate. Then he moves towards the celebration point. Then our President comes to the celebration point who is welcomed by our Prime Minister. All the commanders of three wings, Air Force, Army and Navy come to participate in the grand celebration. After this, flag hosting happens by our president and as soon as it completes we give a grand salute to our national flag by singing â€Å"Jana Gana Mana†¦. â€Å". Then the award ceremony starts, our president gives valuable awards for those who sacrificed their life in different situations for our country and countrymen. Even some kids also selected for bravery awards for this occasion, who showed their braveness while miserable conditions. Then the grand parade starts from the Vijay Chowk by all different wings, such as Army, Navy, Air force, Paramilitary forces, NCC, Tanks, Anti aircraft missiles, radars etc. Then a cultural program is organized by school children. After this dance program, tableaux from different states and national territories move on the route to show their culture and progress to the world. At the final stage aircrafts of Indian Air Force shows their talents in the sky. They send a message to the world that sky also in their limit. Overall, I can say it is not only the day of celebration but also the day to remember those great lives who sacrificed everything for this country. We should take a resolution to work for our country and its progress. So, at the end I want to say one thing that, we may from different region or religion but we are one, only one Indian. So, think about this country before thinking about your religion or region. Jai Hind. How to cite Republic Day, Papers

Case Study Osteoporosis free essay sample

Thus, over time, there is loss of total bone volume. While everyone experiences slow, gradual loss in bone volume after age 30, those with osteoporosis have accelerated loss. 4. Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that normally help long bones withstand lateral stress without breaking. A lateral stress placed on a bone (e. g. on Margarets right femur) actually causes (A) compression of the bone on the side of impact and (B) stretching (tearing) on the side opposite of the impact. Mid-way through the bone, these compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out, and thus tough, compact bone is not needed in the middle. Instead, this middle area (or medullary cavity) is filled with yellow and red bone marrow. The outer rim (or bony collar) is what experiences the greatest stress on lateral impact. It withstands this stress in the following ways: (A) On the side of impact, the bony collar withstands compressive crushing by virtue of the tough hydroxyapatite crystals in its extracellular matrix. Arranged in concentric layers within the osteons (Haversian systems) of compact bone, these hydroxyapatite crystals serve as weight-bearing pillars for the bone. B) On the side opposite of the impact, the bony collar withstands tearing apart by virtue of the vertically arranged bundles of tough collagen in the extracellular matrix of bone. This collagen is oriented in a spiraling vertical pattern in which the fibers in each concentric lamella are roughly perpendicular to those in adjacent lamellae (i. e. a plywood-like design). 5. Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that normally help long bones withstand compressive stress without breaking. Surgeons performed an open reduction of Margarets fracture, immobilizing the bones with internal pins. The bony collar of long bones helps them withstand compressive stress by the mechanism described in #4A above (i. e. hydroxyapatite, weight-bearing pillars). In addition, long bones also withstand compressive forces by virtue of the spongy (cancellous) bone in the epiphyses. The interlocking network of bony plates (called trabeculae) found in spongy bone help to distribute the weight of the body out to the tough bony collar of the diaphysis. In this way, bony plates act much like the trusses or struts in old-time railroad bridges which distribute the weight of the train evenly over the entire bridge. Given the above considerations, Margarets osteoporotic femurs are vulnerable to fracture because of (A) the loss of spongy bone in the epiphyses and (B) the thinning of the bony collar in the diaphysis. 6. Describe the changes that a broken bone undergoes as it is healing. Steps in repair: A. fracture hematoma (i. e. blood clot) forms B. soft tissue callus(1st 3 to 4 weeks)| fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate in from the periosteum and endosteum- fibroblasts lay down a collagen matrix some of the fibroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts (i. e. cartilage-forming cells) and lay down a fibrocartilage splint (i. e. oft tissue callus)| C. bony callus(starting 3 to 4 weeksafter the injury)| osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy and compact bone, forming a bulge that is initially wider than the original bony shaft| D. bone remodeling| as the patient starts to use (or bear weight on) the bone, the bone starts to remodel along lines of maximal stress (thi s remodeling process requires the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts| 7. During her long recovery, Margaret is advised by her physician to begin weight-bearing as soon as she can. How does weight-bearing influence the process you described in question #6? Be specific in your answer and describe what weight-bearing does to bone at the microscopic level. ) The most popular hypothesis regarding the effect of weight-bearing on bone remodeling is called Wolffs law . Wolffs law states that bone grows and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed upon it (e. g. from muscle pull or gravitational pull). Thus, bone is laid down along lines of maximal stress. This is presumably why: A. long bones are the thickest midway down the diaphysis, where the stresses are the greatest. B. curved bones are the thickest where they are most likely to buckle (e. . note the thick greater trochanter of the proximal femur). C. the bony plates in spongy bone are oriented like weight-beari ng trusses. D. large bony processes are located where muscles attach to (and pull on) bone. When Margaret begins to bear weight on her right femur, she is introducing a lateral stress in the direction shown below: Physiological measurements reveal that placing stress on a bone generates a negative electrical charge on the compressed surfaces of the bone and a positive electrical charge on the stretched surfaces of the bone (see above drawing). Furthermore, studies have shown that negatively charged bony surfaces prevent parathyroid hormone (PTH) from stimulating bone resorption by osteoclasts. Thus, bone builds up in these areas. Conversely, bone resorption occurs on positively charged bony surfaces. Therefore, when Margaret begins to bear weight on her right femur, she is stimulating new bone formation on the medial side of her proximal femur and bone resorption on the lateral side of her femur. The net result of this remodeling process is the formation of a bone that is ideally designed for the stresses that it will most likely encounter. This is why physicians encourage weight-bearing as soon as possible during the bone-healing process. 8. Aside from any effect on the healing process, why else might Margarets physician want her to avoid a prolonged period of bed-ridden inactivity? Extended bed rest can have detrimental effects on an individual, especially if that individual is elderly. Prolonged bedrest increases ones risk of developing bedsores, respiratory infections, thrombophlebitis with possible pulmonary embolism as a complication, and further loss of bone volume (i. e. exacerbating Margarets already present osteoporosis). This last point, in fact, is an excellent illustration of the other side of Wolffs law i. e. bone is reabsorbed where it is no longer needed. Prolonged bed rest and immobility means less daily stress placed upon the skeleton. Over time, bone mass will be lost. This is seen in astronauts who spend several weeks in space the loss of gravity means that less stress is placed on the weight-bearing bones. Upon their return to earth, these astronauts are found to have notable loss in bone volume. 9. What risk factors does Margaret have for osteoporosis? Margaret has several risk factors for osteoporosis: A. She is elderly. (Osteoporosis is more common in the elderly, particularly postmenopausal women. ) B. She is a cigarette smoker. C. She is Caucasian. (Osteoporosis is more common in Caucasians than in individuals of other races. ) D. She is sedentary. (This lack of exercise means that she is placing less stress on her skeleton see discussion of Wolffs law in question #7. ) Other potential risk factors for osteoporosis include: A. estrogen depletion (the primary reason why postmenopausal women are commonly affected) B. decreased bone mass at the end of development C. testosterone depletion D. alcohol abuse E. alcium deficiency (especially a problem in the elderly because of decreased intestinal absorption of calcium). 10. What parts of the skeleton (i. e. what bones) are most vulnerable to the ravages of osteoporosis? The loss in bone volume due to osteoporosis is seen throughout the skeleton, affecting spongy bone slightly more than it affects compact bone. This loss in bone volume p laces bones at risk for fracture. The most common site of fracture is in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. Fractures here are typically compression fractures which may occur slowly and gradually over time, or occur suddenly. The gradual compression of the anterior portion of the vertebral bodies in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae give rise to the kyphosis deformity (humpback) of osteoporosis. Another common place for a fracture is in the distal radius, as the victim of osteoporosis attempts to break his/her fall by reaching out with the hands. The proximal femur is another common site of fracture (as occurred in Margaret). These hip fractures occur primarily in individuals over 75 and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality (for reasons discussed in #8 above). Hip fractures are almost always associated with a fall, but it is not always clear whether the fracture precedes or follows the fall. Osteoporosis affects over 20 million Americans. In addition, over 1. 5 million people over age 45 suffer from osteoporosis-related fractures annually, most common of which are fractures of the hip, vertebrae, and limb bones The medical cost of treating patients with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures was estimated in 1990 to exceed $10 billion annually. This number will rise as the baby boomers age. 11. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: (A) oral calcium supplementation,(B) oral estrogen, and (C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these medications works to treat Margarets condition. (A) oral calcium supplementation Calcium provides an important raw material for bone formation. (B) oral estrogen Studies clearly show that estrogen deficiency can accelerate osteoporosis, but the mechanism for the protective effect of estrogen is not clear. Estrogen may stimulate osteoblasts to lay down new bone (estrogen receptors have recently been found on osteoblasts). C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax) This drug inhibits the bone resorbing capabilities of osteoclasts. 12. Other treatments for osteoporosis include (A) sodium fluoride and (B) calcitonin. Describe how each of these medications works to treat osteoporosis. (A) sodium fluoride Sodium fluoride specifically stimulates new bone formation by activating osteoblasts. (B) calcitonin Calcitonin is a natural peptide hormone secreted by C-cells in the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is an inhibitor of osteoclasts, and thus slows down bone resorption. It also increases vitamin D production and absorption of calcium in the small intestine.