Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay - 999 Words

Biodiversity and Land Quality Human societys progression through time has resulted in many environment-altering effects, particularly those brought about by industrialization and rapid population growth. The combination of increased numbers of humans and improved technology has created the need for better management of resources and transportation across the globe. This need has produced great leaps in infrastructure, such as roads and dams. However, the introduction of this infrastructure into the natural world has adversely affected the environment. Biodiversity is often drastically altered, resulting in changes in breeding and predation patterns which, in turn, lead to species extinction and degradation of soil and vegetation. The†¦show more content†¦Land-use change has the greatest impact on soil biota, which dictates types of vegetation and the kinds of animals which consume it. Important areas of biodiversity, such as forests and wetlands, are claimed by encroaching dams and roads- in Asia, more t han 5,000 square km of wetlands are lost each year to industrial activities, primarily irrigation and dam construction (Myers 129). Dam construction also has an effect upon areas far away from the physical dam itself. A study on the impacts of damming in North America found that sites remaining structurally intact after nearby dam construction still lost an average of 0.5 to 1.0 % of its species each year for at least 50 years, due to the restriction of necessary flooding). Infrastructure construction decreases the diversity of all soil taxa and makes conditions very unfavorable to biodiversity (Balmford et al. 13). Roads and dams impact wildlife by altering animal behavior and species distribution. Plants and animals are affected by modifications to the chemical environment, interference with the physical environment, and significant noise. Dams in particular emit large amounts of methane and reduce water supplies to wildlife that is downstreamShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Humans on the Biological Diversity of Natural Ecosystems1525 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent types of organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms that inhabit these areas are known as biological diversity or biodiversity. (USEPA 2010 ) Biological diversity can be affected by many different things, climate change, and area being two specific things. Humans fit into a strange niche of biological diversity. While we have a part of biodiversity and in ecosystems, the human race has spread much farther than any other breed or type of organism except for bacteria. (Diaz 2006)Read MoreNew Transit System for Sunshine Coast1 308 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Department of the Environment, 2013). Based on the field work studies completed by local students, as well as the data of secondary sources such as the Griffith Centre for Coastal Management (GCCM), it can be determined that the construction of a light rail line across Currimundi Creek would be detrimental to the already vulnerable health of the area. Furthermore, investigations of the GCCM have highlighted loss of biodiversity, decrease in waterRead MoreThe Study of Biodiversity939 Words   |  4 PagesBiodiversity – the amount of living things; animals, microorganisms and plants. It also includes the genetic information these living things contain, and the ecosystems and biomes they form. 3 ways biodiversity can be studied: - GENETIC DIVERSITY: The amount of different genetic characteristics of the species in their genetic make up. - SPEICIES DIVERSITY: the amount of species in a particular area in the world. - ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY: the amount of ecosystems in a given region or biome. - PlacesRead MoreBiodiversity Is Important Becauseit Supports The Ecosystem.1509 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity is important becauseit supports the ecosystem. Biodiversity supports biological community profitability where every species, regardless of how little, all have an imperative part to play. Examples are a bigger number of plant species implies a more prominent assortment of harvests ,More prominent species differences guarantees characteristic manageability for all living things .Also Sound environments can better withstand and recuperate from an assortment of calamities,thus while weRead MoreThe Importance Of Biodiversity1641 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity Loss I. Introduction Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms (Cho, 2011). Currently, an extreme loss of biodiversity is a problem that is being caused by human activities. A major report in 2005 stated that due to human actions, between 10% and 30% of mammal, bird, and amphibian species are threatened with extinction, since then, the problem has only increased (Shah, 2014). The topic of biodiversity is of interest and significant to me, and others, because it provides all humansRead MoreHow Do Minerals Affect Society? Minerals1679 Words   |  7 PagesDuring underground mining processes the land may collapse causing the land above to sink. Again, during mining, the release of gases and dust seriously affect soil, water and air. Acid drainage from cyanide and other chemicals used in these industries affect the quality of water plus aquatic life in general (The Environmental Literacy Council, 2008). The resultant landscape after mining encourages erosion of soil thus has a negative impact on wildlife and biodiversity. Soil 1. What is your definitionRead MoreThe Importance of Biodiversity1521 Words   |  7 Pages‘Define Biodiversity and using examples, explain why it is important’ Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. A fuller definition is given in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) from the 1992 Earth summit: ‘Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part ; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’ (Hambler, C., 2004Read MoreImpacts Of Biodiversity Loss On The Planet1281 Words   |  6 Pagesecosystems. One of these noted effects is the drastic rise in the extinction rate of plant and animal species. Anil Markandya, from the Basque center for Climate Change and author of â€Å"The Economic Feedbacks of Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services† writes, â€Å"The topic of biodiversity loss has been the subject of a vast and growing scientific and economic literature. Species are estimated to be going extinct at rates 100 to 1000 times faster than in geological times.† Markandya goes on to elaborateRead MoreThe Whaling Of Whaling Nations1462 Words   |  6 Pagesoperate within their territories. Overall, the IWC was largely ineffective until the blue whale became endangered in the 1960’s. 2. What is land-degradation neutrality? Land-Degradation Neutrality was defined at COP12 (12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity) in 2015 as â€Å"A state whereby the amount and quality of land resources, necessary to support ecosystems functions and services and enhance food security, remains stable of increases within specifiedRead MoreThe Biodiversity Of Fiji And Coral Reefs967 Words   |  4 PagesTriangle, which is home to the most marine biodiversity on Earth. Fiji’s spectacular coral reefs are world-renowned for their vibrant colors. While many other coral reef sites globally have degraded, the reefs of Fiji seem to remain vibrant and diverse, making them a high priority for marine conservation in the Pacific Ocean.      Fiji is home to many wetland ecosystems on the mainland that flows into the coastal mangrove wetlands and coral reefs. The land and sea ecosystems relationship are dependent

The Effects Of Mass Media On Society - 861 Words

Where do we get our information in society? How do we know what is true information from false information? Mass media, including T.V, Radio stations, newspaper has taken over the minds of people in society. According to Glen Smith and Kathleen Searles, Most assumption are being based off of what they see and hear on the television, social networks and on the radio because its mainly one side stories or one bashing of individuals. People do not take the time to go in-depth about the situation being inaccurately displayed at times. Sociologist is beginning to realize the effect of mass media has on society especially the younger generation. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Patrick Daley explained from a sociology point of view that Ferrarotti’s believe society has lost the essence to communicate with each other face to face; our expressive world is no longer there. Ferrarotti’s argued, â€Å" We are losing our ability to produce meaning, to the massive out pouring of images from television. Television also annihilates history; Frerrarotti maintains, by giving us an unremitting stream of disconnected and episodic event.† This goes to show that media definitely has control of our minds. They showcase what they want the people to see and have judgment on. Even fashion or the way they portray women and men, has become a money-making business because of the way media has made it into a need and not a want. People now believe that they have to be slim to be beautiful or have the latest designerShow MoreRelatedMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is sm all changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one social media is where anyoneRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On The Society1145 Words   |  5 Pagesthe causes of aggressive behavior, crime, and violence in the society. The potential of the mass media for social mobilization, education, and attitude change has been recognized and has been exploited in different parts of the world with varying degrees of success. But the effect that the mass media will produce at given situation still remains a subject of debate even today. Summing up what is known about the effect of the mass media, Berelson (1948:172) in Mcquail (2000:457)submitted â€Å"that someRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society1335 Words   |  6 Pages Mass media has inched its way into almost every facet of our daily lives. No one feels this intrusion more so than women. The market is geared towards them as the biggest consumer in our society. As a woman I am aware of this fact, but not only am I a woman, I am a woman who works in the advertising business. I have a unique perspective on both sides of the spectrum. How does all this focus effect us? How does this attention effect the way we perceive ourselves? Is it harmful? Can it be helpfulRead MoreThe Mass Media And Its Effects On Society1582 Words   |  7 Pagessecret of the overwhelming influence the mass media has over society. It has a great power and reaches large audiences. By presenting certain sorts of messages and facts skillfully, the media can manipulate people’s attitude and opinions without them even knowing. Business’ use of this constant exposure to their advantage and often invest and rely on commercials as a means to sell their products. Bec ause so many different people rely on the mass media, the companies need a platform that is universalRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"spike your best friend’s eggnog when they’re not looking† perpetuates the rape culture which plagues much of society. Advertisements ultimately are designed to target and entice buyers by playing into the status quo (GW p. 412). However, mass media has been very effective in directly calling out advertisements such as Bloomingdale’s. It is comforting to know that the widespread use of mass media is useful in this way. This advertisement clearly perpetuates rape culture, especially the use of drugs suchRead MoreMass Media And Its Effect On Society1165 Words   |  5 PagesMass Media are organizations in our society. The medium industries provide information and entertainment, but mass media also can affect political, social, and cultural institutions. Mediums such as radio, newspapers, and television all reflect and affect American society. However, the main one that I am going to discuss is Radio. Radio is more effective in mass media as compared to the other mediums. The way radio was back then is way different from what it is in society today, it has changed overRead MoreMass Media And Its Effect On Society852 Words   |  4 PagesPeople are being depression and reflecting action in real life due to effective of mass media. Media has a power that can everyone has the same right and opportunity to access the information and enjoy their life. Teenagers are the most effective group of people because they can access and explode new technologies, creatives, curious, and proactive. Therefore, they are putting themselves in danger by performing challenge pictures or extreme dangerous things to be famous. People always attractiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Our Society1471 Words   |  6 Pagesalert system activates an urgent bulletin to galvani ze the community for assistance and safety. Today, mass media has undergone a significant change in terms of how they reach out to the public. During the early 19th century, the dominant form of media was the printing press through newspapers, magazines, and books. Eventually, the late 19th century throughout the 20th century, broadcast media provided easier access for entertainment, political issues, and current events gathering families aroundRead MoreEssay on Effects of Mass Media on Society1650 Words   |  7 PagesIn contemporary society, people are strongly influenced by mass media. Although traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no longer as popular as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to music and radios, reading news and information, interacting with other people in social network and watching television programmes and films. The developing technology of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do with the computer. Nowaday, people areRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media And Communication On The Society1674 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Message Introduction Behavioral sciences play a central role in figuring out the likely effect of mass media and communication in the society. Different theories and approaches are used to figure this out. This study refers to the Uses and Gratifications, and Cultivation theories to consider the effect of the media article below on individuals. The uses and gratification theory argues that consumers of a given media uses this media to satisfy and fulfill specific desires and needs. On the

Delegation in Contemporary Democracies

Question: Describe about the Delegation in Contemporary Democracies. Answer: Aim, objectives and feasibility of the dissertation Delegation is an important skill that should be possessed by a manager. Most of the time in Small and Medium Organizations (SMEs), managers fail to utilize this skill to acquire relevant organizational benefits. Usually, responsibilities and complexities related to management increases with the expansion of an organization. A manager should delegate effectively to get maximum benefits for an organization. As mentioned previously, responsibilities and duties of a manager increase with time. So, a manager should learn how to delegate effectively to focus on important tasks and thereafter should transfer the less important tasks to the subordinates. However, the less important tasks also requires good amount of time and effort from the workforce. There is an old saying, ''if you want something done right, do it yourself''. This concept does not match with the current cultures of SMES. It should be kept in mind that, an effective delegation increases the organizational productivity; therefore success of a manager depends on efficient delegation. At the second half of the 20th century, the advancement in transportation and technologies grew rapidly. That is why the SMEs should give more concern on the concept of delegation to save time to foster development. The exercise of delegation does not only offer advantages for the organization in form of premium productivity but also helps the management to produce proper report. It is because proper exercise of delegation supports a manager to focus on the most important project. On the other hand, the annual volume of productivity is the indicator of whether a manager is suitable for the given position or not. However, the role of delegation regarding the direct report is, it assists the management to motivate the employees through helping them to develop their existing skills and to learn new skills. Also, it is the way through which management helps employees to understand their strength and weakness. On the contrary, negligence upon the practice of delegation could bring negative effects. Without an apt sense on delegation, a management becomes disorganized and ends up in giving priority to the less important tasks. A managers inability to maintain delegation injures the quality of organizational productivity and reduces the chances to meet the deadline. The right way to gain a delegated management is through monitoring managements activity and by giving potential responsibilities to identify whether he is doing as per the expectation or not. There are many types of research and articles, which have discussed the relationship between an effective delegation and success of the SMEs in general. The focus of this particular research will be to determine whether there is a strong relationship between effective delegations and the development process of employee skills for saving time and increase organizational productivity or not. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze one of the main factors of the failures of SMES, which is managements inability to delegate. The research will consider the following questions: What is the relationship between effective delegation and the success of SMEs? How delegation contributes to the success of SMEs? How delegation helps to save time and develop new skills for the employee? Why do managers in SMEs often fail to follow and apply delegation in the daily tasks? By the end of the study, the researcher hopes to draw a conclusion to show the importance of the relationship among effective delegation and developed employee skills. Moreover, the study intends to identify the best possible ways to apply delegation in the daily tasks of SMES. Furthermore, I hope that the Furthermore, I hope that the research study can focus on identifying the reason for which most of the managers in SMES fails to maintain this aspect appropriately. Literature review Delegation is one of the essential skills for the manager to reduce workload. Delegation indicates the accountability to allocate certain tasks to the responsible one (Heller, 1998; Mentor, 2008). Many of the previous studies and academic articles have agreed that the main purpose of delegation is to increase manager's time and decrease workload. The resources include, Heller, 1998, How to delegate; Mentor, 2008, Delegating work; and Fleming, The role of effective delegation in professional and organizational success. However, there are other studies those have examined the purpose of delegation in details. Most of the articles have agreed that the delegation is one of the essential skills for the manager to save the operation time and to help initiating the development process for the employees. Implementing effective delegation has positive results for the manager along with for the employees. (Fleming; and Mentor, 2008); they discuss the benefits of effective delegation in details . However, (Heller, 1998; and Stanley); they have not mentioned the advantages of effective delegation in their articles. Both Fleming and Mentor agreed that the fundamental benefits of effective delegation belong to the manager to ''Improve the level of trust and communication between manager and employee, and achieve goals that required cooperative group effort''. Further, Fleming adds some additional benefits related to the manager such as ''allowing the manager to focus on the tasks that needed his specific expertise; increasing the manager's discretionary time'' (Fleming, The role of effective delegation in professional and organisational success). Mentor said that an employee would gain same benefits as the manager. In contrast, Fleming stated that the employee could have extra benefits from effective delegation beside the previous ones such as '' improving employee interest; building confidence and trusts; providing control over activates and decisions; and providing growth opportunities'' (Fleming, The role of effective delegation in professional and organizational success). However, the organization will acquire benefits from effective delegation by saving money through ensuring that tasks are assigned to the right people at the right level. It will increase overall productivity and efficiency of the employees by making the best use of organizational resources. The authors (for instances Mentor, 2008; Fleming; Stanley; and other) have not discussed the results of avoiding effective delegation. Heller in 1998 mentions that the cost of avoiding delegation such as spending many hours to complete low priority tasks can give birth to a disorganized environment. Further, the authors of the reviewed literature do not cover and discuss two main points, which are how the delegation contributes to save time and develop new skills for employees. The second points that is not covered and addressed were the reason behind most of the managements failure to follow and apply delegation in the daily tasks. Therefore, the previous two points are identified as the gap literature. The authors of delegation articles (Mentor, 2008; Heller, 1998; and other) have focused on the concepts of delegation; the purpose of delegation; delegation guidelines; monitoring process; and improvement skills. Nevertheless, Iancn (2012), has added a new topic to the delegation, which is the contemporary implication on delegation. Furthermore, Braun and Gilardi (2006), in their book The Delegation in Contemporary Democracies have discussed in part one that the standard chain of delegation is similar with the discussion made by the previous authors. In part two, they have focused on their topic and have discussed the importance of delegation in regulatory agencies in western Europe. In general, the literature review is linked with some topics, such as concepts of delegation; benefits of delegation; guideline of effective delegation; and many other topics. In contrast, the main differences between these articles are found in the different way of discussing aspects on delegating tasks as every author has different experiences and different approaches. Research methodology and methods The case study will make in-depth analysis of the influence of delegation for saving organization time and developing employee skills. Additionally, the research will compare finding of a local case study done by the international studies. It is identified that there are limited researches those have done limited investigation and analysis of local SMES. Most of the studies on the topic has been done for newspaper purpose or academic purposes. According to the data of the General Authority for Small and Medium Enterprises, there are about 18600 establishments at the end of 2015. In Oman, the SMEs shaped 90% of a commercial establishment. It is divided into micro-enterprises, small and medium enterprise. Micro enterprises consist of four employees with the annual revenue of 25,000 OMR. The second type is small enterprises, which are comprised of five to nine employees with annual revenue of 250,000 OMR. The last type is the medium-enterprises. The medium-enterprises consist of ten to ninety-nine employees and its annual revenue is generally between 250,000 OMR to 1 million OMR. The quantitative research method is the suitable research method for collecting and analyzing the data. The study will evaluate the primary data collected, which are collected from the original sources; surveys and interviews. A large number of samples regarding the study will be selected carefully to address the research questions. According to the General Authorities of SMEs, there are about 18600 establishments. Therefore, due to the high number of SMEs in Oman, the systematic sampling is the suitable method for selecting the number of SMEs. Number of SMEs = 18600 Sample size = 375 Required sample = 18600 / 375 = 50. Then, the random number will be selected between 1 and 50. (Chosen 25). Hence, the selected random number will be; 25, 75, 125, 175, 225, 275, 325, and 375. The total number of SMEs to survey will be eight. In contrast, as the number of employees in each establishment will be between 10 to 100 employees, the stratified sampling method is found to be the best for choosing the number of employees to participate in the survey. It will be easy to get answers easily as the number of employees is short. In contrast, the medium enterprises do not exceed 100 employees; therefore the number of staffs who should be involved in the survey is 80 employees. In this case, the supposed number of participants will be: Number of employees = 100 employees Sample size = 80 participant. The distribution will be (1% senior manager, 94% middle and leader management; other 5%). Senior Management = 80 * 1% = 1 Middle and leader management = 80 * 94% = 95 Other = 80 * 5% = four. Further, the null hypothesis (H0) said that there is no relationship among effective delegation, time management and the process of developing employee skills. However, the alternative hypothesis (H1) has stated that there is a relationship among all the stated aspects. The dependent variables (DV) are time management and the development of employee skills while the independent variable (IV) is effective delegation. These variables will be measured through two main methods, which are ratio variable and interval variable. There are two main methods to collect data; questionnaires and interview. The first method of collecting data, through questionnaire will be used here. The question in the questionnaire is generally designed in a way to help people in understanding the topic. The questionnaire will be formed by open-ended, multiple choice and close questions. Additionally, the questionnaire will be distributed through email and web-based tools such as the survey monkey. Moreover, it will be easy to analyze the results through SPSS statistic software. The second type of method that will be used in the research is the face-to-face process of asking questions. This kind is faster than the online procedure and it can be done at home, workplace, and even in the streets. The aim of this questionnaire is to identify the reaction and response of the participants. The second data collection method will be interview. The questions in the interview will be opened and closed questions like the questionnaire. There will be two main techniques to analyze the quantitative data. The first technique will be descriptive statistic and the second will be inferential statistic. As mentioned previously, there are two hypotheses (H0, H1) those will be analyzed through SPSS statistic software. In addition, the researcher will use a t-test to test the differences between (IV) and (DV). The associations between the quantitative variables will be examined with the help of Pearson's correlation. On the other hand, the linear regression will test the productivity of effective delegation. The researcher is well aware of the ethics and regulations followed by the SMES. The researcher has kept in mind those aspects while collecting the data and asking questions through questionnaire and interview. To obtain the confidential data, I have to take permission from an authorized person of an organization. Finally, I will contact the DA to be cautious more about the regulations and ethics of the University of Liverpool. References: Braun D., and Gilardi F.,(2006), ''Delegation in contemporary democracies'', [online]. Available from: https://www.tandfebooks.com.liverpool.idm.oclc.org/isbn/9780203306512#? (accessed: 19 November 2016). Collis, J. Hussey, R. (2013)Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students. 4th ed. London: Palgrave-MacMillan. Dye, D., (2016)''Leadership Excellence Essentials''., 33 (3), p18-18. 1p. Fleming, Robert S. Business Renaissance Quarterly. Fall2009, Vol. 4 Issue 3, p153-161. 9p., Database: Business Source Complete. Heller R., (1998),'how to delegate', Harvard Business School Press, pp. 4-15. Lancu B., (2012), ''Legislative Delegation: The Erosion of Normative Limits in Modern Constitutionalism'',Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, pp.207-280 Lueck R. Mclntosh P. (2009), 'The busy manager's guide to delegation', American Management Association, pp. 1-9 Pfeffer J., (2007),'What were they thinking?', Harvard Business School Press, pp.1-40. Mentor P., (2008), 'Delegating work', Harvard Business School Press, pp. 1-14 Stanley, T.L. Supervision. Apr2012, Vol. 73 Issue 4, p7-10. 4p. 'Development of small and medium enterprises ... strategic direction rather than progress', (2013), [online]. Available from: https://shabiba.com/article/23567/%20economy%20/%20-(accessed: 10 November 2016). 'Effective Delegation' [online], Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjq8ce4gI_PAhXKPhQKHaACDicQFghAMAYurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansas4-h.org%2Fresources%2F4-h-library%2F4-h-clubs%2Fstrengthening-clubs-1%2Fdocs%2Feffective-delegation.pdfusg=AFQjCNFSrUQepXAIrBqdItC3vpffMvDMnQsig2=N9zy5LjmvQv9qXnnNHzM5wbvm=bv.132479545,d.d24 (accessed: 06 November 2016). 'SMEs in Oman' (2015), [online]. Available from: https://www.smeadvisorarabia.com/ (accessed: 12 November 2016). 'SMEs in Oman' [online], Available from: https://omandaily.om/?p=309691 (accessed: 13 November 2016). 'Successful Delegation' [online], available from: www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-successful-delegation.pdf (accessed: 18 October 2016). 'The importance of delegation' [online]: available from : web.ewu.edu/groups/studentlife/Delegation.pdf (accessed: 18 October 2016).

Pioneer petroleum free essay sample

Pioneer Petroleum was founded in 1924, through a merger within industrial, pipeline transportation, and refining fields. PP has evolved over the last 60 years into a company that now also works with agricultural chemicals, plastics, and real estate development concentrating in gas, oil, petrochemicals, and coal. In 1990, PP improved their coker and sulfur recovery facility to make their refining process more efficient and in turn has become one of the lowest cost refiners on the West Coast. Due to the refining process PP’s gasolines are among the most cleanest-burning in the industry. PP’s is also the producer of one-third of the world’s supply of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), which is a chemical used to make cleaner burning gasolines. They also produce one third of the world’s supply of MTBE. Major Issues The major issue that PP is facing right now is that the management board of PP is trying to decide whether to use a single cutoff rate or a system of multiple cutoff rates to determine the minimum acceptable rate of return on new capital investments. We will write a custom essay sample on Pioneer petroleum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As of right now PP is using one single company-wide cutoff rate that is based on their overall weighted cost of capital. The current single rate system that PP is using has increased their overall risk by causing them to choose investment decisions in divisions with higher risk because they exceed the cutoff hurdle, while not investing in lower risk areas because they do not exceed the hurdle rate. In addition PP has not been calculating their weighted cost of capital correctly. This has caused them to invest in riskier areas rather than those with greater chance of having a positive net present value. PP needs to reevaluate which method to use as well as how to correctly compute WACC. Analysis As stated before PP has been weighing two alternatives options to calculate the minimum acceptable rate of return on their capital investments. As of right now PP’s approach is to accept all proposed investments with a positive net present value, after being discounted at the appropriate rate. The issue with this is that this approach has been reliant on a single company-wide cutoff rate based on PP’s overall WACC that has continuously been calculated incorrectly for each investment decision. PP has been calculating their WACC by three steps: (1) the expected proportions of future funds sources were estimated; (2) costs were assigned to each of the future funds sources; and (3) a WACC was calculated by multiplying the estimated proportions of future funds sources by the estimated future after-tax cost percent. Due to the fact that PP has calculated their WACC this way it has led to their adopted rule that funded debt should represent approximately 50% of total capital. In addition it has led to the cost of equity being 10% with current earnings yield on stock equaling the cost of both new equity and retained earnings for PP. Alternative Options PP has two alternative options to choose from when considering acceptable rates of return on future investments. 1. Single company-wide rate. 2. Multiple cutoff rates based on each economic sector within the company. The multiple rate system will also use WACC approach for each operating sector within the company to determine the individual’s rates for each economic sector within PP. This should allow them to see differences in divisions. Determining Pioneer Petroleum’s Cost of Capital PP has been finding their equity while determining the WACC of capital by using the CAPM formula but has been finding the incorrect equity value. PP has correctly found the cost of debt, but has failed to find the correct cost of equity because they have set their equity’s weight to 10%. In order to determine WACC PP needs to correctly calculate equity, debt, and also the weighted averages of both. Cost of bond after-tax cost Debt KD=Y(1-tax rate), where Y=12% and tax rate=34% (p. 66) KD=12%(1-34%) KD=7. 92% Cost of common equity Ki=Rf+(Rm–Rf)Bi, where Rf=7. 8%, Rm=16. 25% and Bi=0. 8 (p. 68-69) Ki=7. 8%+(16. 25%-7. 8%)0. 8 Ki=14. 56% Weighted average cost of capital Kw=KD(WtD)+Ki(Wti), where WtD=50% and Wti=50% (p. 66) Kw=7. 92%(50%)+14. 56%(50%) Kw=11. 3% Analysis of Alternatives In recalculating PP’s WACC correctly their actual average cost of capital came out to be 11. 3% as opposed to the 9% that PP has calculated. This shows that PP underestimated their WACC by 2. 3% due to the fact that they set equity at 10%. If PP chooses to continue to use their single cutoff rate based on the company’s overall WACC, they will now have a cutoff of 11. 3%. Again, the problem with using the single rate method is that it does not allow use to see, or account for the differences in each division of PP. Another problem with the single cutoff rate is that due to the increased rate PP will invest their funds in higher return projects which will result in higher risk. This risk is a result of only the high-risk divisions being able to exceed the single rate hurdles using the single rate cutoff method. If PP chooses to go with the multiple cutoff rate approach it allows them to create cutoff rates that reflect the risk-profit characteristics of the individual economic sectors in which PP’s subsidiaries operate. In order to do this you need to determine the equity, debt, and WACC of each firm for each sector as opposed to the single cutoff rate. The discount rate will also vary for each project due to the use of different divisions and sectors. A multiple cutoff rate may actually exceed PP’s overall average costs because of the vertically integrated parts involved. In using the multiple cutoff rate approach PP can have cutoff rates that are better tailored to the economic sectors that will allow lower risk divisions to exceed their cutoff rate. This decreases risk for PP by essentially allowing them to diversify their portfolio, or the ‘Portfolio effect’. CONCLUSION Suggested Course of Action The multiple hurdle rates for each division based on the corresponding risk for each division is the suggested course of action for PP. The problem that PP has with using the current single company-wide cutoff rate is that it limits PP to projects that exceed that rate which tend to be more risky. The single rat method ignores differences in each division as well as the different risks of those divisions. This led to a misallocation of funds for each division and also did not allow PP to participate in low risk projects that could have been profitable and made PP more risk averse. Using the multiple cutoff rate approach will diminish the imbalance of divisions over investing in cutoff rates that are too low and divisions under investing in cutoff rates that are too high. In using the multiple cutoff rate approach PP will be able to make better investment decisions based on the NPV of potential investments for each division due to the fact that each division will have their own hurdle rate. Pioneer Petroleum free essay sample Second, PPC has been using a single company-wide rate for their multi-divisional company. In either instance the company is not maximizing wealth. Statement of Facts and Assumptions: PPC has been calculating their after tax cost of debt using the coupon rate of 12% instead of the actual interest rate which is 8%. Taking the 8% interest rate into account, PPC’s actual cost of capital would be calculated as: [. 08(1-. 34)]= 5. 28%. PPC has simply been using 10% (their equity growth rate) as their cost, but must instead either use the CAPM model to calculate their cost of equity, or the Dividend-growth model. If they use the CAPM model, which is the most accurate, their cost of equity will be: . 078+. 8(. 1625-. 078)=14. 56%. Or they can use the Dividend-growth model and their cost of equity would be: (2. 7/63)+. 1=14. 29%. Both are acceptable but, because the Dividend-growth model is subjective, and the coupon rate (that PPC was originally using is a sunk cost, they should use the market rate). We will write a custom essay sample on Pioneer Petroleum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus using the market rate to calculate CAPM you use the Beta and market risk premium which are both based on the market rate and more accurate. Finally, their company WACC of 9% that they have calculated is incorrect and given the above calculations, their WACC using CAPM would be: [5. 28(. 5)+14. 6(. 5)]=9. 94% and their WACC using Dividend-growth would be: [5. 28(. 5)+14. 3(. 5)]=9. 79%. Either way, it is significantly larger than the 9% they had calculated. It should also be stated that PPC would benefit by using the target rate because they are planning longer term into their future. Analysis: Using a single cut-off rate for the entire company has increased the overall risk of their company. The use of an acceptable range based on a company-wide average cost of capital inappropriately leads the company to invest in divisions with high risk that should possibly have a higher required rate of return or to not invest in low risk divisions that would be profitable, merely because they do not exceed the company rate. Thus, using a WACC for each division will more accurately allow the corporation to decide which projects to accept and deny based on the specific risk factors of the section instead of the risk of the entire company which has been skewed because of diversification. Based on my calculations, the company wide WACC and cut off rate that should be used is 9. 94% based on CAPM or 9. 8% based on Dividend-growth, and any projects that are below that percentage should not be accepted for the company as a whole. Recommendations: Overall, I would recommend that PPC recalculate their WACC per each specific division and establish multiple cutoff rates instead of calculating a company wide WACC cutoff rate. This will benefit them the most in accepting and denying projects that will meet the appropriate cutoff rate that each division is susceptible to based off the specific risk each division must overcome. When recalculating their WACC, it would benefit them most to use the CAPM model to determine their cost of equity, but using the Dividend-growth model is also acceptable. To determine the cost of debt, they must remember to use the actual interest rate instead of the coupon rate to determine the after tax cost accurately.

The IMF and Argentinas Future In A Global Economy †Political Science

The IMF and Argentinas Future In A Global Economy – Political Science Free Online Research Papers The IMF and Argentina’s Future In A Global Economy Political Science In December 2005 Nestor Kirchner, the Argentinian president, announced that the country was to repay the IMF the outstanding $8.5bn of debt owed to the organisation from a series of loan agreements that had stretched back to the early 1980’s. Economically, it will also add some closure to Argentina’s $183bn default of 2001, (of which $103bn was owed directly to the IMF), yet the implications that this affair will have on both parties and the on the global stage are of intense interest. This essay will take a closer look at how we reached this current state of affairs. Notably, it will examine how the neo-liberal ethos of the IMF has proved to be insufficient in turning around this countries economic fortunes and will ask what future beckons for the role of international bodies in the successful restitution of sovereign nation economic privation. The case of Argentina Argentina since becoming a democracy in 1983 has had a chequered economic performance. From the years 83-89, under the leadership of President Raul Alfonsin, its economy suffered from constant hyperinflation (of up to 5000% per year) and a government that managed its effect ,or more aptly mis-managed, via central bank money creation. The net result was to make the peso next to worthless on the international currency markets and Argentina an unattractive investment opportunity. Eventually, the politics caught up with the economics as Menem replaced Alfonsin and embarked on a policy dynamic of dealing with international financiers, including the IMF, and being persuaded him to initiate a policy of dollar pegging and liberalising of aspects of the economy. During this period the period the IMF continued to supply rolling loans with Argentina’s solid economic performance in the first half of the 1990’s being hailed by many to be a testament to the organisation’s ec onomic rigours. Certainly it was felt that this proved the the neo-liberalist economic approach to economic development to be paramount). However, this was not to last and by tying itself in with the global economy, Argentina left itself exposed to the severe exogenous shocks when Mexico in 1995, South East Asia in 197 and Brazil in 1999 all suffered severe capital flight and adopted (under the recommendation of the IMF) currency devaluation. Argentina, who having pegged the currency to the dollar, was unable to take such action and the loss of competitiveness and export markets led to a sharp downturn in the Economy, so much so that by 1999 the economy had started to contract. From this point on the country was facing a losing battle, lumbered with an overvalued pesos, a barrage of loan interest payments, and a global financial market that had already condemned the country to default, in 2001 the country did precisely that and in spectacular fashion . In the years since its default the country did continue to work with the IMF in an attempt to redraw its arrangements with it creditors to force them to accept a ‘haircut’ of around 40-50% of the original loan. At the same time the topic of the IMF and its role in the country’s economic demise has become the key cultural and political issue within Argentina and one that got President Kircher elected on a fiercely anti-IMF policy platform. All of this leads to a need to examine whether such attacks on the IMF are legitimate, how Argentina was able to default on such a large sum and to ask what it entails for other severely indebted countries. The consequences of IMF intervention The IMF, when it negotiated its structural loans with Argentina, insisted that the countries main economic woes stemmed from a poor infrastructure in which profit was being lost due to false pricing, indexed wages, draconian trade restrictions and a social welfare system that lacked any kind of a market dynamic. Subsequently, it insisted that the country embark of a policy of heavy liberalisation under the economic mantra that rational investors view competitive advantage as the major factor in deciding where to place credit and to commit long term FDI and that with these factors under control Argentina would emerge as a stronger, more attractive investment opportunity. But, the market, and the societies they operate in are not rational and the impact of this misjudgement has been dramatic. Firstly, the liberalisation and loss of indexed wages in the name of international competitiveness has hit the ‘bring home’ pay of most workers. In fact, when compounded by upward price changes brought about as part of commodity price normalisation policies it is clear that for many families even the most basic supplies were out of reach . The net result would seem to be a ratification for development economists ,such as Chussodvosky, who argue that such wage policies are posited on the assumption that there is an excess of demand and a privation of human capital when, in fact, global demand has long remained constant at around 15% . Instead, what these policies serve to do is simply to bring about a ‘race to the bottom’ within geographic regions with the net beneficiary being the consumer and service industries in the west. For it is they, rather than the producer, who gain greatest by being able to spend less on daily produce and more on additional goods a nd services . Secondly, by voluntarily reducing its economic sovereignty via the privatisation of key utilities, the government has lost control of not only a key financial resource but also, and more critically, of a means to provide sufficient provision to its populous. Critics have noted that these firms, have become unwilling to commit capital resources to country that they no longer view as profitable commentators such as Gilpin have noted (himself no anti-globalising theorist), the ethos behind privatisation is potentially sound – market forces, prices established via competition etc. – however in order for it to take place a sound, secure administrative framework needs to be in place, to be manned largely by middle class individuals. However, in an almost painful twist, this is the section of society that is most blighted by the reforms. The outcome has been a hotch-potch of privatisation which, ironically, has turned out to be of benefit to neither investor nor investee. The insistence that Argentina rapidly open up to allow global trade and finance to penetrate its domestic markets has, as Beiroch noted with regard to the 19th century , proven to be of far greater equity to developed countries than to Argentina itself. The IMF continued insistence that MNC’s and TNC’s are best equipped to identify where best profit lies within the Argentinean economy and that providing unrestricted access was essential to enabling them to do this. However, critics argue, this has served only to weaken Argentina’s internal economy in two ways. Firstly, by allowing MNC’s/TNC’s to pursue market manipulating policies (e.g. dumping) has enabled them to squeeze smaller domestic companies’ market share companies. Secondly, is the argument that these firms are motivated by nothing other than short term profit , to be strived for at the expense of any social or political concerns. Thirdly, by lowering trade barriers and tariffs vita l government revenues were lost, revenues that were desperately needed to pay back the loans owing to its creditors. Most crucially of all, is the charge that IMF US focussed myopia meant that they failed to appreciate that with the Peso pegged to the dollar Argentinean products would never not competitive when selling into Argentina’s main market, Europe . Finally, cutbacks on welfare meant that the Argentina’s citizens lost the vital safety net needed to prevent the fall into the poverty trap. It is a point on which Joseph Stiglitz, the ex world bank head, has been particularly stinging arguing that it is gross economic misjudgement to restrict spending when a country is heading into a recession Argentina’s response and its implications So, what has been learnt from the ending of this relationship. Firstly, Argentina would seem to have demonstrated that it is possible to take on the IMF and, if not bet them, then give them a proverbial bloody nose. The country exposed the fact that dealings with the IMF are symbiotic and that they need to maintain relationships with debtor countries, especially large ones, in order to maintain their public image as the key development lender. In the wider context however, it is hard to see many other countries taking this policy choice. Kirchner and Lavagna (the Finance minister who administered the debt repayment ‘haircut’) did so in a post 9-11 environment that allowed the country to trade off political support for deliberate oversight on the part of the US treasury . Similarly, whilst Argentina has been struggling to make debt payments, the strength of the soya market has enabled it to build up the reserves required to pay back the debt early. The other caveat is that whilst the IMF loan is to be squared off other loans will nee d to be sought and, as Fischer has noted, this is not always as easy as it sounds and the finance, when it does come, may well be on terms more prohibitive than those of the IMF . Secondly, the example of Argentina , some assert, demonstrated that the primacy of the citizen remains. The economic damage inflicted upon the country saw rapid transfers of political power and stability has only been restored with the induction of Kirchner to the role of President on a mandate of anti-IMF action . In particular, the rise of social groups representing the lower end of society – most notably the Piqueteros – offers, for some advocates, a vision of how democracy could be made to work in an increasingly segregated world. Thirdly, the scale of the IMF’s failure within South America and Sub-Saharan Africa would seem to be a searing indictment that the US economic model cannot, and should not, be produced wholesale around the globe. After all, this is a system that has been exposed as having heavy flaws of its own (Enron, Worldcom scandals), instinctively dismisses other successful economic models ,and that is now running at such heavy deficit spending levels that its own financial security are by no means clear . Lastly, are the practical challenges that Argentina’s payback will pose. The IMF, is meant to be self sustaining with its annual budget of around $1bn coming from interest payments made on loans. Argentina’s action came days after Brazil made the same commitment, and when considered alongside countries such as Thailand, who have built up large currency reserves in order to remove the need to approach the IMF, although unlikely the organisation itself may need to get a loan. In conclusion, the IMF’s role and subsequent withdrawal from Argentina has left both parties with an uncertain future. Argentina has now made a commitment to gaining finance on the open markets, opting away from IMF control yet opening itself up to potentially ever greater market swings as the IMF safety net is removed. For the IMF, it has started the 21st century with a tarnished reputation. The organisation has made a pledge that it is to operate in order to reduce global poverty; yet factors both internal (secrecy, market led bias) and external (notably the growing antipathy of its main backer ) have led to questions over the legitimacy and continuation of the institution , and the time for providing acceptable answers is getting less. Research Papers on The IMF and Argentina’s Future In A Global Economy - Political SciencePETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to Africa

The End of The Indie Gold Rush -- A guest post for Bookmachine

The End of The Indie Gold Rush A guest post for Bookmachine The End of The Indie Gold Rush? A guest post for Bookmachine I was invited to guest post for Bookmachine and decided to dig deeper in the point made by Kristine Kathryn Rush that we might be at the end of the indie gold rush, if there ever was one. Here’s to starting the year on a positive note!An ALCS survey in the UK  last summer crystallised industry concerns about whether career authorship is a viable profession these days. The report painted a somewhat grim picture for professional and part-time authors alike–regardless of whether those authors publish traditionally or independently. (For a crash-course on the industry landscape, I recommend Kristine Kathryn Rush’s exhaustive report on â€Å"things indies learned in 2014†.)The question now is, has the indie â€Å"Gold Rush† passed? Is success finite, and has it been mined to depletion?I don’t believe so.In fact, I’m convinced we’ll see many more indie success stories over the next few years–maybe even more than the ones weâ €™ve witnessed so far. The â€Å"Gold Rush† ends when there is no more gold left, or no way to get to it. That’s not the case here. The problem today is that there are too many people who want to find it, and perhaps not enough of them willing to do the hard work it takes to strike it rich.Read the whole post over at Bookmachine!

Ethics in Business Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in Business Today - Essay Example Along with this, ethics also helps in reducing employee turnover thereby enhancing the range of efficiency, if maintained properly. Therefore, from the above points, it might be revealed that ethics acts as the catalyst that helps the business to enhance its dominance and supremacy in the market among other existing rival players. So, ethics is extremely essential for any business organization, operating in current scenario. Other than this, ethical policies and behaviors help an organization or business to attract more investors that might enhance the share prices to a significant extent among other rival players. Side by side ethics also helps in recruiting experienced and skilled employees within the organization that may prove effective in enhancing the total productivity of the organization. Thus, recruitment of talented staffs helps in development of varied types of inventive products and services for its customers thereby satisfying their changing needs and demands. This might help an organization in enhancing its brand value and loyalty within the minds of the target customers. As a result, its level of sustainability might get enhanced significantly. Consequently, ethics also helps in enhancing the inner morale of the employees so as to cope up with the inconveniences in turbulent situations. As a result of such type of inner confidence and willpower of the employees, the organization might become able to tackle the effects of the tough situations thereby retaining its previous image and values. However, this might be possible only if cooperation and team work might be maintained among all the members of the organization. Thus, it might be revealed that ethics is that type of inner psychology that might help an organization to develop a strong image and may also destroy its portfolio in the market among others (Plastin, 2013). Other than this, ethical decision making within an organization also helps in enhancing employee growth and their performance t owards the assigned duties and responsibilities. Due to which, the organization might become able to fulfill its target objectives and goals, which is extremely essential for any organization in this era. As a result, the organization might enhance its level of dominance within the market that may reduce the intensity of the new entrants to enter the segment. Along with this, the level of distinctiveness of the organization might also get enhanced thereby amplifying its output and profitability by a significant extent. As a result, the position and reputation of the organization might get improved in this aggressive market among other operating rivals. Hence, according to me ethics is important for any organization or a business for the following reasons presented below: Employee commitment Employee Growth Investor and stakeholders loyalty and commitment Improvement of the confidence power of the shareholders Improvement of the level of customer satisfaction Improvement in the relat ionship with the stakeholders Enhancement of the productivity of the organization Improvement of the level of performance Improvement of revenues and profit margin Improvement of reputation and image of the organizati

Euthanasia should not be treated as a crime Research Paper

Euthanasia should not be treated as a crime - Research Paper Example This holds more relevant when human rights i.e. basic rights of the people which are utmost important to lead a dignified life in the society are not enjoyed by them. The exposure to critical diseases like cancer and AIDS will make any person psychologically very weak and he may develop an element of pessimism towards his life. Some of the diseases like vitiligo and other skin diseases may lead to skin discoloration and they may be subjected to social boycott and hence leads to stigma and schizophrenia. In these circumstances, the mental strength of the patients may be affected significantly leading to a thought of ending life. In addition, the access to sound financial resources plays critical role in deciding the mental strength of any person. It makes people to go for better health care and education and social prestige in the society and hence their view towards life will be highly optimistic. On contrary, the people who are financially weak or bankrupt, they face lot of challeng es in the form of ill health status, social prestige and poor education and hence they may become disinterested to continue their life. Hence, in the event of poor financial status, exposure to critical and life taking diseases and lack of access to basic human rights, the people may feel that they are not going to enjoy a quality life in the society and they become highly pessimistic towards leading their life. Let us critically analyze the above mentioned factors one by one. 1. Human Rights Human rights also represent the right to quality of life and right to die along with right to dignity (Griffin, 2008). At any circumstances human rights must be protected or honored in the society. When a person is denied for the access to good health in nursing homes, and good working environment for the workers and lack of reasonable freedom to prisoners, it is understood that the right to dignity is at stake and hence the person may feel highly depressed with out any optimism to lead life (P itcher, 2010). Similarly, when a person is not enjoying good quality nutrition due to lack of access to food along with poor quality family life, his right to quality life is at danger. Their right to die might be considered as a human right due to exceptionally poor quality life and mental trauma and pessimism. It also comes under personal freedom, a basic human right to take decision about their lives. It is easier to argue that no body should be allowed to take their lives on their own under some legal clauses in some nations. However, it is equally important to note that the mental torture enjoyed by them due to lack of access to basic amenities is quite phenomenal. Unless we become successful in reversing the scenario in the form of provision of basic access to education, health and food to all people, we can’t change their idea of taking their lives. 2. Diseases In addition to issue of human rights, diseases play vital role in shaping the person’s thoughts about his life. Many patients with serious illnesses have transient thoughts about ending their lives (Carter, 2010 ; Smith, 2006) in the form of euthanasia or mercy killing. Hence, the moral grounds of euthanasia or mercy killing needs to be examined thoroughly before coming to a conclusion whether euthanasia should be treated as a crime or not (Hermsen and Have, 2002). It was reported that about 26% of physicians were

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Example for Free

Stay Healthy During Examinations Essay Introduction I. When the final exams, many student will push themselves to study and do not care about their surroundings. II. This means infinite hours of studying, insufficient amounts of sleep, and irregular diet and exercise. The end result problems are occurs, high sickness rates amongst college students. III. Staying illness-free during the final exam season is not easy feat, but is vital in order to maximize performance. IV. Today I will to introduce you to three ways how to keep healthy during exam Comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy eat, and have enough sleep and rest. (Transition: Let’s start by looking at comfortable place, time and body.) Body I. A comfortable place, time and body can help you to focus and can avoid stress when you are studying. A. Make a study time table and follow it. Â  i. Set aside time for friends, family and other activities but you must have your own time table. ii. You must know what you must to do during your weekdays and weekends. Make sure not wasting your time. B. Besides that, have a study space will help you a lot. i. Find somewhere that you are able to go and do your assignment and study in peace and quiet. ii. Find somewhere space you will comfortable with it, because some students have their own ways. C. Take your own break and not push yourself. i. It possible if you are can study without taking some break to release your tension and relaxed your mind. ii. The reason for that is to give your mind a rest and peace. (Transition: Like comfortable place, time and body, keep healthy eat are also the way to stay healthy during examination.) II. Besides that, you must keep your healthy diet during examinations. You must take some food even though you are do not have enough time. A. Find and eat healthy food. i. Find something that can help your brain more active and developed your good memories. ii. Take time away from study to eat, and put your healthy first. B. Be active and do not pressure your brain. i. Go out and do something active, such as go walk, jog or a run. It is can make your brain more active and release your tension. ii. If your mental are healthy, it will lead your mind in peace. (Transition: Now that we have looked at comfortable place, time and body and keep healthy eat, let’s turn to have enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that you get an enough sleep time and rest during in examinations week. A. Sleep time is more important because it will help your body and brain rest. i. Nowadays, many students do not care about their sleep time. Almost all students like to stay up during a night. ii. Without sleep you will be tired, irritable and cranky. B. Cut down the caffeine. i. It means that, many students like to take caffeine to prevent them from sleepy and want to stay up during a night. ii. It also disrupts your sleep patterns. Conclusion I. As we have seen, health is more important to us and we must keep our healthy with a true ways. II. I have focused on comfortable place, time and body, have a healthy diet and have an enough sleep and rest. III. Make sure that, you as a student have be healthy during your exam. You just wasted your time if you not keep your body health. Bibliography Linda Formichelli (2012). Expert strategies for staying healthy at college. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/features/expert-strategies-staying-healthy-at-college Tasha Giuda (2011, December 14). Top tips to stay healthy during exam season. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://www.foxnews.com/fncu/current-interns/blog/2011/12/14/top-tips-stay-healthy-during-exam-season Siobhan (2012, October 25). Staying healthy during exams. Retrieved January 26, 2013, from http://siobhanb.blogspot.com/2012/09/staying-health-during-exams.html

Bruner and Wittgenstein: Language Learning :: Psychology Children Communication Papers

Bruner and Wittgenstein: Language Learning A crucial phase in the child's development comes with its acquisition of language, but before we can engage in any pedagogical efforts to further infant development or to aid atypical cases, we need to understand methodologically what occurs during language learning. Jerome Bruner, in a methodological adaptation of Ludwig Wittgenstein's middle and later work in an extension of Noam Chomsky's LAD, has put forth one influential proposal (Bruner 1983). Ludwig Wittgenstein's own remarks on the topic also furnish an interesting story independent of Bruner's selective use of his corpus, especially insofar as his approach results in an irreducible riddle and a hypothesis by his own account (Wittgenstein 1953 and 1958). The two views are explored, contrasted and critiqued. In the end, neither will do to resolve problems in our methodological understanding of language acquisition, for which the most important reasons are given. Most children learn language with remarkable ease, but how are we to account for this extraordinary fact? The problem plaguing our understanding of language and language acquisition can be described as. How can one learn anything genuinely new and become linguistically creative and how this learning is possible at all, unless one already has some path into language, for example, a suitable framework in which language learning takes place? It is this framework that interests us here. One possible picture is provided by St. Augustine, who likens the child's learning of language to a stranger coming into a foreign land, unable to understand what is said, yet already in possession of some language, only not the one spoken 'here.' To Wittgenstein, the picture painted in St. Augustine's Confessions is not representative of the scenery encountered by the first-time language learner, for this stranger who slowly decodes the puzzle of the strange surrounding sounds already has a framework. St. Augustine alters the character of the learner so that the issue of a suitable framework does not arise. Philosophers like Chomsky or Fodor, although historically distant from Augustine, try to provide a new answer to the same question. Their solution differs only in the sense that it shifts the problem onto a 'universal grammar' or a 'language acquisition device', which thus provides the entry point into language. In his effort to dissolve philosophical issues, Wittgenstein makes a great many methodological suggestions in his later work, criss-crossing language, meaning, thought, and so forth. We also find

Karmic Connections

The meaning of the term Karma differentiates depending on the school of thought/ religion utilizing it. However, if we try and look at the conceptions closely we could see the resemblances of these meanings.Karma in its simplest sense reverberates the saying, â€Å"What goes around comes around†; it is the belief that whatever we do has an equivocal effect. If we look at it from a spiritual level, it is said that Karma is a concept that constitutes our deeds, it is a universal law that governs our lives, claiming that for whatever action or decision we commit, it would reap for us a tantamount consequence in our current lifetime if not the next one.Karma does it always have to pertain to something bad, as penance for our wrong doings. We could also look at Karma as simply how our lives work. It is also the case that Karma may happen in order to teach us a lesson we have yet to realize, it may also enlighten us, guide us in our future actions. In accepting the Karmic ways in wh ich our reality works, we come to a better understanding of our free will, in a sense that we come to be autonomously responsible for what we do. The events that may happen in the course of our lifetime would be born out of causal events we have willed into existence.Come to think of it, the most important acts we commit are always towards people, it is an inescapable fact that we would at some point connect our lives with the lives of other people. Karma is present in each and every link we create in our social sphere, even if such links may be perceived as shallow for us, how we react to such connections can be well change and affect other people. This often reminds me of a similar line of thought, the chaos theory; it states that a flutter of a butterfly’s wings may result to chaos on another end of this world. Perhaps this wouldn’t make sense right now but look at it this way.People are connected in a web of networks, at some point two very separate lives would int ersect no matter how remote they are from one another based solely on a certain link they share in common. Think of it as the theory of â€Å"six degrees separation†. We could be active or passive participants in these connections, either way we’ll have our actions would have a certain effect on it. In the things that we have direct contact with people, strangers, lovers, family, or friends, we engage in the process of Karma, knowingly or unknowingly, we could change the course of other people’s lives.Connections are so powerful, underestimated to a point wherein we assume that only the closest ones are important. Take for example, not letting a person go before you at the pharmacy, even if your just buying cough syrup, and that person ends up losing someone just because s/he was two minutes late. It could also be that you were able to teach an ex-lover the value of him/herself by dumping him/her. When you meet a stranger in the park, and you offer a smile, you might have just sealed your faith with your future partner in life.The Hotdog vendor, the dime you give him might win him the lottery. There are so many ways in which we can influence and change the lives of people, as Peter Parker said in Spiderman 3, â€Å"Our lives are made of choices, and we could always choose to do what’s right†, or in this case, even if we can’t control the outcome of the things we do, we could always act to touch others with goodness of intent, faith, and will.Perhaps the sartorial indulgence bothers me a lot, simply because I personally don’t see why I worry too much about how I look. There’s always the knowledge that people shouldn’t be judged based on appearances but then again, at some point we can’t help not worrying how others perceive us, even if it’s just the jeans were wearing. Trivialities can hinder the soul.References:Ellen A Mogensen, Past & Now Forward Holistic Counseling, (2006), http://w ww.healpastlives.com/future/rule/ruescape.htm, July, 30, 2007Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, Life and Death: Ways to Overcome Bondage of Karma, in The Global Oneness Commitment, (2006), http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Life_and_Death/id/218227,   (July, 30, 2007)

Human Nature: Self-Interest & Altruism

Human Nature: Self-Interest vs. Altruism A debate encompassing human nature has carried on for centuries, and philosophers throughout history have provided a vast inventory of explanations they deem to be sufficient in understanding the perplex idea of human nature. A question commonly debated regarding human nature is determining whether human beings are naturally self-interested or altruistic. Political philosophers Bernard Mandeville and Francis Hutcheson specifically addressed this question, but each arrived at different conclusions based on personal observation and reasoning.Mandeville, influenced by Hobbesian thought, advocated the belief that human beings were naturally self-interested. Opposing the idea of self-interest, Francis Hutcheson attacked Mandeville’s notion and reasoned that human beings were inherently altruistic. Although both sets of ideals originated in the early 18th century, both can be utilized to infer about current events and situations (Tannenbaum & Schultz, 2004). Dutch political philosopher Bernard Mandeville, author of The Fable of the Bees or Private Vice Publik Benefits, attacked a common notion for the time that human beings were naturally altruistic.Mandeville believed that humans were naturally self-interested while most thought of altruism as virtuous and self-interest as vice. He stated that empirical evidence supporting human altruism was non-existent, and it is selfish actions that benefit society. Society that runs on altruism and benevolence is a stagnant society that fails to progress. In Mandeville’s The Fable of the Bees, he emphasizes that when people seek self interests, comforts and pleasures, society inevitably progresses with occurences of new inventions and a circulation of capital.According to Mandeville, a benevolent society is an honest one, â€Å"but if they would likewise enjoy their Ease and the Comforts of the World, and be at once opulent, potent and flourishing† as well as a self-i nterested society, it is likely impossible (Kaye, 1989). Likewise, a self-interested society experiences invisible cooperation, in which greed leads to cooperation if property is sufficiently channeled. The Fable of the Bees is also considered a political satire of England during the time, and Mandeville describes a society having virtues along with ontent and honesty. The society mentioned lacks self-love, a Hobbesian idea that Mandeville emphasizes as a barrier to progress. Virtues held by such a society are hypocrisy that arise from a selfish desire to be superior. While Mandeville concludes his essay with statements expressing that the purpose of his essay was not to directly oppose Christian values, he states that modern honor â€Å"bids you bear injuries with patience†, but religion â€Å"tells you if you don’t resent them, you are not fit to live† (1989).Finally, Mandeville concludes his thoughts rejecting altruism, and emphasizes that â€Å"the seeds of every passion are innate to us, and nobody comes into the world without them† (1989, 2004). A political philosopher during the Scottish Enlightenment, Francis Hutcheson opposed Mandeville’s Hobbesian view that humans are naturally self-interested. He advocated the notion that human beings are naturally altruistic and benevolent. While declaring these attributes as factual about human nature, Hutcheson also stressed the importance and success such qualities have on society.He believed humans are endowed with a â€Å"moral sense†, or derive pleasure from witnessing someone else perform a benevolent act and in turn have a desire to do the same. This â€Å"moral sense†, as Hutcheson describes, is a human being’s natural inclination of pursuing happiness. Hutcheson, a major contributer to the advancement of utilitarianism stated that, â€Å"regarding the pleasurable and painful consequences of actions as morally significant† provided the â€Å"f ormula that that action is best which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers† (Peach, 1971).He divides what he refers to as â€Å"exciting reasons† and â€Å"justifying reasons† into functionality. He considers exciting reasons as merely an appeal to self-interest, and â€Å"have nothing to do with moral justification† (1971). Differentiating, justifying reasons â€Å"establish the virtue, moral goodness, or moral obligations of actions† (1971). This reasoning explains his opposition to Mandeville’s view that moral distinctions derive from self-interest, and declares these distinctions as undoubtedly self-determining.The basis of Hutcheson’s theory expresses that the â€Å"moral sense† tends to be consistent as long as it is not interfered with. Interfering forces such as â€Å"ignorance, mistaken belief, prejudice, or the like† are corrected and addressed by reason (1971). He concludes his statements wi th an underlying theme which states â€Å"the benevolent one is reasonable and the malicious unreasonable†, based on the approval and disapproval of one’s moral sense (1971, 2004). Although both philosophers theorized about human nature more than two centuries ago, opposition and advocation for both is seen throughout current events.For example, Mandeville’s views can be advocated by the constant confrontation between the Israelis and the Arab world, more specifically the Palestinians. Neither side will relent to the interests of the other, viewing altruism with the other as being a weakener of their own state. If the Israelis recognize Palestine as a legitimate state, they lose both land and resources, while also fearing further invasion and conflict within Israel. Numerous negotiations and attempted treaties have failed, because neither side ultimately recognizes sufficient advantages to their own state if they comply.While this situation conflicts with Hutche son’s view, a current example advocates it. Disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and 9-11 have sparked a numerous amount of community benevolence. Countless organizations and people have joined together to help those affected in the disasters recover. Hutcheson would most likely state that such expressed benevolence for others is the result of their â€Å"moral sense†, while Mandeville would describe it as merely human beings seeing an advantage for themselves by joining such an organization; possibly honorable recognition or status improvement.Clearly seen, support and opposition for both Mandeville’s and Hutcheson’s theories has divided thought on this issue still today (2004). References Kaye, F. B. & Mandeville, B (1989). The Fable of the Bees. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Classics. Peach, B (1971). Illustrations on the Moral Sense. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Tannenbaum & Schultz (2004). Inventors of Ideas. Belmont, CA: Wads worth/Thomson Learning.

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare Updated and Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera,  Animal Rights Expert for About.com  May 16, 2016 The environmental movement and the animal rights movement often have similar goals, but the philosophies are different and sometimes cause the two camps to oppose each other. The Environmental Movement The goal of the environmental movement is protect the environment and use resources in a sustainable manner. Campaigns are based on the big picture - whether a practice can continue without harming the balance of the ecosystem. The environment is important as it affects human health, but the environment is also, in itself, worth protecting. Popular environmental campaigns include protecting the Amazon rainforest from deforestation, protecting endangered species, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. The Animal Rights Movement The goal of the animal rights movement is for animals to be free of human use and exploitation. Animal rights is based on a recognition that non-human animals are sentient and therefore have their own rights and interests. While some activists work on single issue campaigns such as fur, meat, or circuses; the broader goal is a vegan world where all animal use and exploitation is eliminated. Similarities Between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Both movements recognize we must protect the environment. Both oppose unsustainable practices, and both seek to protect wildlife from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. These threats affect not only whole ecosystems but individual animals who will suffer and die if we continue to ignore environmental issues. We also often see environmental and animal rights groups taking the same position on an issue for different reasons. While animal rights groups oppose eating meat because it infringes on the rights of the animals, some environmental groups oppose meat eating because of the environmental devastation of animal agriculture. The Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club has a Biodiversity/Vegetarian Outreach Committee, and calls meat a Hummer on a Plate. Both movements also work to protect endangered animal species. Animal rights activists work to protect spotted owls because they are sentient beings, while environmentalists want to see individual spotted owls protected because the individuals are important for the survival of the species; and that species is important in the web of life. Differences between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Most animal rights activists also try to protect the environment, but if there is a conflict between environmental protection and the lives of individual animals, animal rights activists will choose to protect the animals because the animals are sentient and the rights of the individuals cannot be infringed to protect trees or a collective group. Also, environmentalists may not object if an activity kills or threatens individual animals without threatening the species or ecosystem as a whole. For example, some environmentalists do not oppose hunting or may even support hunting if they believe that hunting will not threaten the survival of the species. The rights and interests of individual animals are not a concern to some environmentalists. However, hunting cannot be considered acceptable to animal rights advocates because killing an animal, whether it is for food or trophies, infringes on the rights of the animal. This applies whether or not the species is endangered or threatened. To an animal rights activist, the life of a single animal matters. Similarly, environmentalists often talk about conservation, which is the sustainable use of a resource. Hunters also use the word conservation as a euphemism for hunting. To animal rights advocates, animals should not be considered a resource. This difference in philosophies causes People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to refer to the World Wildlife Fund as the Wicked Wildlife Fund. WWF is not an animal rights group, but works to conserve nature. According to PETA, WWF has demanded more animal testing of genetically modified organisms before they are approved for human consumption. To WWF, the potential threat of GMOs to the environment and to human health outweighs the lives of animals who are used for GMO safety testing. Animal rights advocates believe that we cannot exploit animals in laboratories by conducting GMO testing, or in any other testing, regardless of the possible benefits. According to PETA, WWF also does not oppose the killing of seals for fur, since they do not believe that the practice threatens the survival of the seal population. Wildlife While the deaths of individual animals are not usually considered an environmental issue, environmental groups do sometimes get involved in non-endangered wildlife issues. For example, some environmental groups work to protect all whale species, even though some whale species - such as minke whales and Brydes whales - are not endangered. The protection of large, iconic animals like whales, panda bears and elephants will probably always be championed by some environmental groups regardless of their survival status due to the popularity of these animals, which gives them a high profile.

A Guide to Business Letters Types

A Guide to Business Letters Types There are a number of types of business letters in the English language. Accomplished English speakers should be able to write the following types of business letters to be successful in business. Its helpful, to begin with, gaining a clear understanding of business letter writing basics. Once youve understood the basic layout styles, standard phrases, salutations, and endings, you should continue to improve your business letter writing skills by learning to write the following types of business letters. Do you know what type of business letter you need for a task? Making an Inquiry Make an inquiry when you are requesting more information about a product or service. The inquiry letter tends to include specific information such as product type, as well as asking for further details in the form of brochures, catalogs, telephone contact, etc. Making inquiries can also help you keep up with your competition. Use this letter template to ensure you receive a prompt reply. Sales Letters Sales Letters are used to introduce new products to new customers and past clients. Its important to outline an important problem that needs to be solved and provide the solution in sales letters. This example letter provides an outline, as well as important phrases to use when sending out a wide variety of sales letters. Sales letters can be improved through the use of personalization in some means in order to ensure attention. Replying to an Inquiry Replying to inquiries are one of the most important business letters that you write. Successfully replying to an inquiry can help you complete a sale or lead to new sales. Customers who make inquiries are interested in specific information  and are excellent business prospects. Learn how to thank the customers, provide as much information as possible, as well as make a call to action for a positive outcome. Account Terms and Conditions When a new customer opens an account it is essential to inform them of account terms and conditions. If you run a small business, it is common to provide these terms and conditions in the form of a letter. This guide provides a clear example on which you can base your own business letters providing account terms and conditions. Letters of Acknowledgment For legal purposes, letters of acknowledgment are often requested. These letters are also referred to as letters of receipt and tend to be rather formal and short. These two examples letters will provide you with a template to use in your own work and can be easily adapted for a number of purposes. Placing an Order As a business person, you will often place an order. This is especially true if you have a large supply chain for your product. This example business letter provides an outline to make sure your order placement is clear so that you receive exactly what you order. Making a Claim Unfortunately, from time to time it is necessary to make a claim against unsatisfactory work. This example business letter provides a strong example of a claim letter and includes important phrases to express your dissatisfaction and future expectations when making a claim. Adjusting a Claim Even the best business may make a mistake from time to time. In this case, you may be called upon to adjust a claim. This type of business letter provides an example to send to unsatisfied customers making sure that you address their specific concerns, as well as retain them as future customers. Cover Letters Cover letters are extremely important when applying for a new position. Cover letters should include a short introduction, highlight the most important information in your resume and elicit a positive response from your prospective employer. These two examples of cover letters are part of a larger section on the site providing all the information you will need on taking an interview in English during your job search.

Case studyfinish 3 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case studyfinish 3 questions - Essay Example ons produce cola and take some piece of the overall industry," said Lu Dong, leader of the Peking office for Wahaha Group, the Hangzhou-based guardian organization. So is this the worlds first enthusiastic cola? "On the off chance that one has an energetic feeling, perhaps one beverage Future Cola. Anyway if one does not drink Future Cola, it doesnt mean one is not energetic," said Ms Lu. For the present it is a Chinese David against the multinational Goliaths. Anyway the endeavor by a household organization to test the presence of remote brands takes after a pattern as of recently seen with other purchaser items, for example, Lucky Polaroid film (pitched against Kodak) and Li Ning sportswear (the closest thing to a neighborhood Nike or Adidas). As per figures from the Chinese Beverage Industry Association, the deals volume of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in China has hopped five fold since 1992, with 1.36 million tons of the two beverages sold a year ago. This makes Future Cola yet a teaspoon in the sea of cola beverages, with most extreme processing around a twentieth of its joined together two major opponents deals. In any case Wahaha is not by any means the only Chinese sodas organization that is attempting to rival the multinationals. Fenhuang Cola and Lechen Cola are two other Chinese cola items being advertised this middle of the year. While Wahahas Future Cola is the one attempting to offer itself on patriotism, promotions helpfully overlook the way that the organization is 51 for every penny claimed by the French organization Danone and a Hong Kong venture organization. Anyway Ms Lu claims it likewise coddles Chinese palates: "We make the taste more suitable for Chinese. We made a business sector overview. Coca-Cola is a bit excessively solid in taste, so we make Future Cola some more tender." A "modest" measure of Chinese solution was incorporated for its taste however, much the same as Coca- Cola, the formula is "mystery," she included. Still, the most

Issues That Lead to the Recession Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues That Lead to the Recession - Term Paper Example What are the correct investments in a recession and the revised policies and procedures put into operation by the government to combat recession. Thirdly, this report will discuss the impact of the recession and the lessons learnt from it. Definition of Recession â€Å"The NBER does not define a recession in terms of two consecutive quarters of decline in real GDP. Rather, a recession is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.†(Business†¦.) â€Å"A significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale-retail trade. ... With the steep rise in the unemployment levels, the government is obliged to extend unemployment benefits to a wider section of the society. Higher borrowing leads to higher taxes and additional interest payments in the future. As shares turn unattractive, the prices begin to dip. Lower profitability and lower dividends create a depressive mood for the investors and they look out for alternative sources of investment. The fall in share prices continues in anticipation of recessionary trends prolonging. But this is only the initial phase. When recession is at its hardest phase, the developments take a strange turn. In anticipation of economic recovery, share prices begin to recover, as the prudent investor calculates that it is the favorable time to invest from the point of view of long term gains. Falling prices of shares may be due to various other factors as well, not alone recession. The normal reaction to recession is that it should result in a lower inflation rate. The highlight of recession is it reduces demand and wage inflation. The issue to be examined is what economic factors impact the recession hard. The current recession is due to rise in oil prices. The expert opinion about this inflation is, it is bound to reduce demand, will result in price wars, as the firms will make all-out efforts to retain consumers. The scenario of falling investments takes volatile shape and hampers economic growth. The vicious circle begins. The slowdown in the growth rate, with the economy expanding with a slower pace, may result in substantial fall in investment. Fall in employment opportunities is the most feared factor during recession. The demand for labor takes a down turn. Not all sectors are impacted hard in equal measure

Migrant Workers in North America Research Proposal

Migrant Workers in North America - Research Proposal Example Migrant labor in different forms is found in North America, South Africa, India, Western Europe, and the Middle East. In both the Middle East and Europe, migrant labor habitually has been employed for urban instead of agricultural work and entails prolonged durations of residence (Foner, 2001). In contrast, in Northern America, migrant work is inclined for agricultural work, largely during times of harvest. The necessity for agricultural migrant labor develops from the cyclic nature of yielding (Williams, 2004). Problem Statement The purpose of this study is to highlight the status of migrant workers in North America. Despites migrant labor patterns being present in different parts of the globe, not any can be compared with the magnitude and extent of the labor patterns in the United States. Migrant laborers may be moved to their work areas by a contractor who is charged with the responsibility of supplying the farm owners with the required workers or the migrant laborers may go to t he farms by themselves (Frum, 2000). Therefore, this study will investigate all aspects of migrant workers in North America (Hanson, 2006). Significance This study should be conducted so as to help people become familiar with the topic of migrant workers on North America. ... Nevertheless, during the period of 18th and 19th centuries, when slaves were set free and the slave trade was outlawed, workers from the foreign areas started to be recruited to compensate for the need for low-priced labor (Wright, 2003). In addition, there were a large number of sources for cheap workforce. Laborers from China were among the first people to be transported to North America in considerable numbers. Nevertheless, the federal administration restricted movement migration from this area with the 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act. During the start of the 20th century, individuals from the Philippines and Mexico started to enter North America to work in the farms as cheap laborers. In addition, different sources of low cost agricultural labor in this period came from untrained European migrants (Borjas, 2007)Unlike Philippine, Mexican, or Chinese laborers who came to North America purposefully to provide cheap labor in farms, European migrants did not come to North America to pre cisely work as laborers (Zimmermann, 2005). Nevertheless, they were employed as laborers in these farms. In addition, numerous a large number of Chinese, European, Philippine, and Mexican immigrants who moved to North America as laborers did so with the objective of finally buying their own lands and farms. Nonetheless, because of the complexity encountered in getting sufficient capital, this objective was frequently not attained. Literature Review In the Northern part, migrant labor travels regularly from south to north after the harvesting period, while in the Southern part migrant labor moves from north to south after harvest. The majority of agricultural laborers travel in well

Health Care Reform 2010 Health And Social Care Essay

Health Care Reform 2010 Health And Social Care Essay US healthcare system was inefficient despite of spending 15% of GDP during 2006 which was more than three times than in 1960. Ten years back, the health care system of USA was announced to be broken and in future it didnt improve. Managed care did not make visible the fixes promises. The rates of premium are increasing. The irritation of patients as well physicians flourish. The study shows that about 45 million people in Americans are still uninsured. In the coming future, these issues will get worse and new challenges will come on the screen. New technology is making place and it is making the things efficient, but the cost of treatment as well new test is higher then before.  Doctors are making the lives of people lengthy so now more people require the medical treatment then before. As the age of baby is increasing so they are demanding the better treatments. Owing to the increased cost, employers will not accept the status quo. Sp they exclude the benefits for new hiring. Others might leave the business of insurance business completely and will contribute only to cover the costs but will not give coverage by themselves. The number of uninsured people in America will increase because of these changes. Disenfranchised middle  class will rise in results of these changes. Employers will go for and favor this modification. The health care system of American splits the population into two groups first is insiders and second is outsiders. Insiders are those who are insured and they have good insurance so they get everything modern. No matter hoe expensive the medicine and treatment is. Outsiders are those who have poor insurance plan or nothing at all. They receive very little out of their insurance plans. About 47 million Americans are uninsured and the number is growing day by day. Insurance companies currently deny covering people with pre-existing conditions. People who have severe medical conditions like AIDS, cancer and other such diseases were not covered by the insurance companies. These people are at high-risk and thats why not covered by companies. Major employers are cutting their costs in healthcare spending to compete in the global challenging market.  [2]  Employers are denying paying insurance premiums to these workers due to high premiums and the current economic situations. Employers are shifting the economic burden towards the employees like deductibles and co-pays. Almost half of the bankrupt people are due to the high medical costs and this cost is directly or indirectly affects the economy. Hence, government has to pay more. One more problem in the current system that doctors are not paid according to their service quality. Doctors are paid very less as compared to other countries of globe like in United Kingdom, doctors are paid for 95% while in US only 30%. Lot of people even did not go to doctor due to high costs of tests, treatment or follow-up after the treatment. These higher costs associated with healthcare also stopped Americans visiting physician regularly for checkup. Also doctors do not know the history of patients due to not visiting them regularly. Americans also have high ratio of chronic diseases. This is also leads to more spending on healthcare and its availability to poor people. United States is the only country among the developed countries whose all citizens do not have access to its citizens except South Africa  [3]  . Medicare and Medicaid are two of government programs which provide medical as well as health related services to the specific group of people in USA. Both of them are different but are managed by the centers of Medicare and Medicaid which is a division of US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicaid is a program which includes means tested health and medical services for specific individuals and families who have low income and limited resources. It is primarily looked after at federal level, but each stat develops its own standards like eligibility standards; determines the amount, type, period and scope of the services; setting the rate of payment for services; administers its own Medicaid programs. As mentioned above that States is the final decision authority of planning of service which will be provided under their Medicaid program. But there are some necessary requirements which must be matched by the States to receive funding from Federal. Following are the mandatory services: Impatient and Outpatient hospital services Prenatal care Children Vaccines Service of Physician Facility of Nursing services for individuals aged 21 or older Services of Family planning with supplies Rural health clinic services Home health care for persons eligible for skilled-nursing services Laboratory and x-ray services Pediatric and family nurse practitioner services Nurse-midwife services Federally qualified health-center (FQHC) services and ambulatory services Early and periodic screening, diagnostic, and treatment (EPSDT) services for children under age 21 Besides the above, the states can add more 34 optional approved services and can receive the Federal matching funding. Although each state has the authority to set the eligibility criteria for getting the Medicaid services but basically the program has been started to help the people with low income. Other requirements may include age, pregnancy, disability, other assets and citizenship. Medicaid does not pay money to the individuals. Medicaid program works like a program provide treatment to the individuals and gives payment to the health care providers. State makes the payment while states receive reimbursement from Federal Government. Medicare is a Federal health program of insurance. It pays for elderly and certain disabled Americans to hospitals and medical care. The program is divided into 4 parts: Part A, B, C and D. But two main parts for hospitals and medical insurance are Part A B. Part A may be known as Hospitals Insurance, pays for the hospital stays and it includes meals, supplies, semi private rooms and testing. It also pays for home health care. Part B which is known as Supplementary Medical Insurance. It pays for physicians visits, home health care costs, outpatient hospitals, and other services for aged and disabled. It covers durable medical equipments, certain vaccinations, blood transfusion, lab and diagnosis tests, X-rays, chemotherapy, hormonal tests and eyeglasses. Part B requires a certain premium which caries each year. Part C is also known as Medical Advantage Plan because it allows the users to design a custom plan that can be more helpful and align to the needs of their medical needs. Part D includes the prescription drug plan. It is administered by one of many private insurance companies. Eligibility for Medicare requires a US citizen or continuous 5 years legal resident of US must be at least 65 years old or under 65 and disables or any age person with End Stage Renal Disease. Payroll taxes which are collected through Federal Insurance Contributions Act and Self Employment Contributions Act are the major elements of funding for Medicare. US healthcare reforms bill 2010 will cost $940 billion over the period of ten years.  [4]  This bill will cover 32 million American people who are uninsured. Health Insurance can be purchased through state-based exchanges and financial subsidy will be offered to the income below 133 percent and 400 percent of poverty level in US. Tax relaxations will be offered to the small business to purchase employee insurances. People who are availing subsidies will not be eligible for Medicare, Medicaid and also for employer covered insurance. New tax will be imposed in 2012 at rate of 3.8 percent on income of families making over $250,000 per year. Insurance reforms will be introduced and insurance companies wont deny to the people and children with pre-existing conditions. Medicaid will expand to include 133 percent of the poverty level in United States. In 2014, everyone must purchase a insurance or face the annual fine fees. Employers who have more than 50 employees must provide insuranc e to their employees or face a fine on the basis of per worker. Illegal immigrants can not avail insurance even if they pay their own money. Abortion insurance will be paid by private money and it will not be subsidized by federal or tax payer funds. Republican offered an alternative program on the basis of four common-sense reforms which can be afforded by people of US named as Common-sense healthcare reform. It includes that all businesses and families can buy insurance across US. The second point is that individuals, small businesses and trade associations can acquire insurances at lower costs by combine efforts. It also allows states to lower costs by creating innovative reforms. The last reform is to finish the lawsuits which must be obeyed by doctors because of getting sued by Police. This will end the high cost tests and other procedures which are actually not required by the patients.