Apwh Ch.9 Study Guide

How did the Persian conquest set the stage for the emergence of the Maurya empire? The Persian Conquest left Asia without a ruler, this allowed Chandragupta Maurya to exploit the opportunity and lay down the foundation for the Maurya Empire. . What were five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka?The five major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka were to conquer Kalinga and bring it under Mauryan control, communicated his policies throughout his realm by inscribing edicts in natural stone formations or pillars he ordered to be erected, established his capital at the fortified city of Pataliputra, created a central treasury to oversee the efficient collection of taxes, and he converted to Buddhism. How did the Gupta administrative practices differ from the Maurya?Ashoka had insisted on knowing the details of regional affairs, which he closely monitored from his court at Pataliputra. The Guptas left local government and administration, and even the making of basic policy, in the hands of their allies in the various regions of their empire. How did India fit in to the trade along the Silk Road? The Silk Road allowed India to trade cotton, spices, and gems in return for horses and bullion from the west and silk from China. In what ways did the development of trade and manufacturing impact the caste system?The development of trade and manufacturing led way to new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants, many who did not fit easily in the established structure. Individuals that worked in the same craft usually got together to form a guild, a corporate body that watched prices and wages in an industry and provided for the members and their families. What are the fundamental beliefs of Jainism? What has been its long-term impact? Why did it never become as popular as other major world religions? The fundamental beliefs of Jainism are ahisma or nonviolence, that verything has a soul, and that there should not be a caste system. It never became as popular as o ther major world religions because the ascetic life that is enforced was too extreme. Its long term impact is that it influenced many beliefs in China up until the nineteenth century. What was the popular appeal of Buddhism? How does it compare and contrast to Hinduism? The appeals of Buddhism are that there is less dependence on Brahmins for ritual services, there was no caste or jati, and it did not demand the rigorous asceticism of Jainism.Buddhism is different from Hinduism because Buddhists use vernacular tongues instead of Sanskrit. It is similar to Hinduism because they both believe in reincarnation, originated in india, made people live according to a certain way (dharma/eightfold path) and they both have the idea of heaven or a spiritual union (nirvana and moksha). How did early Buddhism evolve into Mahayana Buddhism? How did that help spread the religion? Buddhism evolved into Mahayana Buddhism because innovations opened the road to salvation for large numbers of people.Th is helped it because education institutes preferred it to the other form of the religion, thus spreading it efficiently. How did Hinduism evolve in India during this period? Three epics of Hinduism, the Mahabharta, Ramayana, and the Bhagavad Gita reinforced the caste system by emphasizing active life and adherence to caste over the ascetic life. This message opened Hinduism to common people who are used to the caste system and allowed Hinduism to overtake Buddhism.Why did Buddhism eventually lose popularity in India? Buddhism eventually lost popularity in India because it was gradually displaced by Hinduism. It grew remote from the popular masses in India. Terms to know: Boddisatva, Mahayana, stupas, caste system, Jainism, Ashoka Maurya, dharma Dharma: in hinduism, it is the duties and obligations of each caste Caste system: a strict social structure in which classes are determined by heredity, wealth, or occupation Mahayana: a type of Buddhism that offers alvation to everyone and a llows popular worship Stupas: stone shrines that contain the remains and relics of the Buddha Boddisatva: In Mahayana Buddhism, a person who can reach nirvana but delays doing so to save suffering beings. Jainism: a religion that believed everything had a soul and believed in extreme aesthetics Ashoka Maurya: the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan empire to great heights and converted to Buddhism after battling the Kalinga tribe.

Network Security Essay

Since the last two decades there has been an overwhelming increase in the number of organizations that rely on data communication networks for their daily business communications, resource sharing, database information retrieval so on and so forth. Previously most computers were centralized and managed in data centres. Computers were kept in locked rooms and links outside a site were unusual. Computer security threats were rare, and were basically concerned with insiders. These threats were well understood and standard techniques were used to deal them. The scenario has changed and now systems are connected to the Internet. The Internet is a network of networks and has no boundaries whatsoever. The Internet provides these organizations with a world of business opportunities. Information on the Internet can be accessed from anywhere in the world, unfortunately it has also allowed for the â€Å"proliferation of malicious information†. It does not take long for an expert programmer to break into a system. The value of the data stored on most organizations’ networks and the value provided by the application systems in use far exceeds the cost of the networks themselves. Network security has become of the most important issues for these business organizations and aims at protecting the organizations’ data and application software. What is Network? A â€Å"network† has been defined as â€Å"any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of roads an interconnected system, a network of alliances. † This definition suits our purpose well: a computer network is simply a system of interconnected computers and peripherals. Essentially there are three basic hardware components of a data communication network. Server: The server or the host computer houses all the data and the software that is to be accessed by the clients. Client: A client can be referred to as an input/output hardware device that lies at the other end of the communication circuit. It enables the user to have an access to the network and the data and software on the server. Circuit: The circuit is the route or the medium through which the message travels. Nowadays the fibre optic cable and wireless transmission are becoming increasingly common. A peer-to-peer network lacks a central server. There is a set of computers, which are linked together by a cable. Each computer is an equal, or â€Å"peer,† of the others, and has the ability to share the files and peripherals of other computers that are connected to the network. This type of network is essentially designed for a very limited number of users (five or less) in a business organisation. Some of the benefits of a peer-to-peer network are low-cost and easy-to-install solution. If anyone of the user turns of its workstation the other users are not able to access this particular user’s information and peripherals. Furthermore, accessing data and applications from another person’s workstation can cause performance problems for that user. Client/Server Networks Client/server networks are a lot more than peer-to-peer networks. The presence of a dedicated server in the network ensures that the users are able to access information and share peripherals without being dependent upon other user(s)systems. There is room for installing a tape backup that enables the users to back up data on both the server and all workstations. Client/server networks are primarily used when there is a constant need to access large files and applications or when peripherals have to share between a numbers of users. Thin-Client Computing Thin-client (server-based) enables centralized application deployment and management on a server. Because of this technology system updates and maintenance can be done on an enterprise-wide level instead of on a physical desktop-to-desktop basis. This not only enhances the productivity and efficiency of both end users and system administrators, but also lowers the total cost incurred. http://www. premiopc. com/networking/types/default. html Need of Security over Business Networks There are certain things in any business, which must be kept, confidential and secure. With the use of computers, everything is now on PC and PCs when connected to each other become vulnerable to many threats. The most common threats discussed below: Business Network Threats and Their Effects There are essentially two kinds of network threats that business organizations have to guard against: Disruptions Disruptions can be referred to as loss or reduction in network service. For instance a network switch might start malfunctioning leading to a breakdown of a part of the network. Although the part that has not been affected will be functioning perfectly, but the organization will have to replace immediately otherwise there would be a loss in employee productivity. For example finance manager failing to retrieve the information regarding the upcoming project. A virus could also lead to disruptions. For instance, an employee opens an email from an unknown sender. A virus could prove to be very fatal and may result in loss of valuable time on part of the employees(s). Natural calamities can also lead to disruptions. Fires, flood and earthquakes are common examples. It is good idea not to have company headquarters in areas that are vulnerable to such calamities. Unauthorised Access Unauthorised access is basically gaining access to organizational data files and resources, which you are not supposed to have an access to. Common term used for such offenders is hackers. Unfortunately in most of the cases the hackers are organizations’ own employees and can do a significant amount of damage to the organization if that valuable piece of information is leaked to organization’s close competitors. If the hacker happens to be a competitor, he can do an unimaginable amount of damage to the organization. He could access all the information regarding the latest products, which are under development, sales figures, company’s strength and weaknesses, financial position, future plans and a lot more. There are several types of unauthorized access. They are discussed briefly discussed.

Poverty in the USA Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poverty in the USA - Article Example So there are statistical and social definitions of poverty, as well as a mixture of both methods. Social definition includes the concept of empowerment and human development (Think Quest, 2006). In other words, â€Å"...objective measures of poverty present numerous problems in terms of identifying the poor, but succeed in providing the aggregate statistics policy makers desire† (Maxwell, 1999, p. 3). Most of the time emphasis is made on defining and measuring poverty thresholds and poverty lines, but some researchers argue that policy makers should define and measure poverty in terms of â€Å"self-sufficiency† (Mutari, 2001) or the level of income that a person or a family really needs to live a life free of worries about economical and human development issues. In the United States poverty began to be measured in the 1950s based on a survey that showed that families spent about one-third of their incomes on food. Mollie Orshansky, an economist from the Social Security Administration, set the poverty threshold at three times the cost of an economy food plan defined by the Department of Agriculture (University of Michigan, 2001). The thresholds are updated yearly and vary according to the size and age composition of a family (US Census Bureau, 2009). Frank states that â€Å"using these income levels, the Census Bureau reported that 12.7% percent of U.S. residents and 17.8% of U.S. children lived in poverty in 2004. Black Americans experience poverty at nearly double these rates: 24.9% of all Blacks and 33.3% of Black children live in households with incomes below the poverty line† (Frank, 2006). Most of the researchers and experts agree that the poverty line is â€Å"far too low for a household to survive on in most parts of the United States† (Frank, 2006). Researchers Pearce and Brooks found that â€Å"a single parent living in the Bronx with two children, one in school and one in daycare, would need a gross income of $3,684 per month

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Accounting - Assignment Example In our current case however, the FIFO method will result in higher profits due to the fact that the older inventory was at held at a lower cost. The new inventory costs more, due to which the Cost of Goods Sold goes up in the LIFO method. However, when we talk to about meaningful profits, then I would say that the LIFO method is more relevant. This is because FIFO results in "inventory profits"; profits that arise merely from holding inventory; and fails to provide the best matching of costs and revenues. Thus in terms of more meaningful profit, I would say that LIFO is more meaningful as it depicts a better matching better revenues and costs. FIFO is the costing method which depicts a better approximation of actual physical flow of goods. This is because companies generally use the oldest items in inventory first so they can continually roll the stock and prevent deterioration or obsolescence. Furthermore, it’s a matter of common sense that inventory bought in the last quarter cannot be used in the first three quarters, thus the physical flow of goods initiates from the inventory in hand at the beginning. There will be more cash available for the management under the FIFO method and not the LIFO method. The exact amount which would be available to the management based on the income statements generated would be $5,100. This is due to the fact that in FIFO, the cost of goods is lesser, resulting in greater profits. In the LIFO method, the cost of inventory is much higher, and thus our profits shrink. The assumption that is being made here is that the net profit after taxation is the cash which is available for the management. As the income statements in Part A prove, FIFO would provide more cash rather than LIFO. The gross profit will be lower in the average cost method when compared to the FIFO method because average cost method accounts for the expensive inventory as well as the cheaper inventory. Likewise,

Critical investigation of frame relay traffic Essay

Critical investigation of frame relay traffic - Essay Example This is the reason why the Frame Relay interface does not include an underlying sublayer assigned with error and flow control tasks such as LAP-B in X.25. Subsequently, Frame Relay is suitable for existing private and public networks based on digital TDM transmission systems. This paper is divided into 4 chapters. This is an introductory chapter. Next chapter is dedicated to a review of the literature on the technology. Then comes the methodology part and finally the conclusion. ISDN represents another ideal carrier for frame relay traffic able to support a number of frame mode bearer services (FMBS). This plurality of frame mode bearer services was considered necessary by the CCITT because Frame Relay may have to be supported over segments of analog technology, at least during the early stages of ISDN. There are two types of Frame Relay connections: permanent virtual connections (PVCs) and switched virtual connections (SVCs). The establishment, maintenance, and release of PVCs are subject to local management operations. On the other hand, signalling is required to manage SVCs. Of course, dynamically allocated SVCs are much more attractive compared to PVCs which function much like dedicated private lines. At present, the Frame Relay implementations are only PVC-based. This is due to both the complexity of the required signalling [3] and it s unavailability on the local loop. However, PVCs provide a good immediate solution because LAN-to-LAN interconnectivity is the main Frame Relay application. But the need for products supporting SVCs is growing and a lot of work is being done in this area. Work on the definition of the Frame Relay interface has been carried out by several organizations during the past years. CCITT has produced a series of standards covering the support of Frame Relay over ISDN, the provision of several Frame Mode Bearer Services (FMBS) and the

My Writing Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Writing Experiences - Essay Example I am an extrovert person even from my childhood which enabled me to communicate effectively with even strangers. Such communications often increased my knowledge level immensely. New knowledge or information always attracted me irrespective of whether it is useful to me or interesting to me. Topics like politics, sports, cinema, science, history, philosophy, sociology, psychology education, business, and economics; all attracted me and I always tried to collect information regarding the above topics in particular. I strongly believe that my interests in a variety of topics helped me a lot while writing something about a topic. Simple academic knowledge alone cannot make a good writer. Close observation of incidents or developments happening all over the world is necessary for a writer. Moreover, I have a strong temperament in listening others even though I am a bit, talkative person. I consider all the above qualities as the strengths of me as a writer. The main weakness about me as a writer is my inability to concentrate entirely on the topic. Because of a reasonable amount of knowledge I possess about different topics, my track quiet often deviated from the main theme while writing. I need a lot of proofreading sessions before making the topic back on track. I always tried to accommodate too many things in a small paper and hence quiet regularly exceeds the limits while writing my assignments. I always tried to incorporate interesting examples in my paper irrespective of the topic. I believe that the readers are the asset of a writer and hence in order to catch the attention of the readers, interesting examples or stories need to be included in the paper even if we are writing about boring subjects like philosophy or politics. I always like to have a calm and quiet atmosphere around me while writing which enabled me to focus entirely on the paper.

Detection, Control And Prevention Of Rape Term Paper

Detection, Control And Prevention Of Rape - Term Paper Example Rape-related incidents or sexual assaults are taking place not only in open societies but in closed societies like prisons or correctional facilities also. Kaiser & Stannow have pointed out that â€Å"more than 216,600 people were sexually abused in prisons and jails and, in the case of at least 17,100 of them, in juvenile detention. Overall, that’s almost six hundred people a day—twenty-five an hour†. In fact, many of the criminals believe that rape or sexual abuse is part of their prison life and it cannot be avoided, even though rape in prisons was prevented by the 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act. In short, rape is a social evil which should be detected, controlled and prevented by implementing stiff laws against rape.Detection, control, and prevention of rapeDetection of rape crimes is important in taking preventive measures. In some countries or cultures, victims often try to hide their bitter experiences because of the fear of consequences from the society . In male-dominated societies, females have many things to lose than males, in rape cases. They may face social isolation, harassing, teasing etc. In order to avoid such things, victims quite often try to hide the rape attempts made by the males. The failure of victims in reporting their bitter experiences related to rape, encourage the offenders further and they will repeat their activities again and again. There are many rape cases reported from different countries in which the offender was none other than the father himself.... l abuse is part of their prison life and it cannot be avoided, even though rape in prisons was prevented by the 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). In short, rape is a social evil which should be detected, controlled and prevented by implementing stiff laws against rape. Detection, control and prevention of rape Detection of rape crimes is important in taking preventive measures. In some countries or cultures, victims often try to hide their bitter experiences because of the fear of consequences from the society. In male dominated societies, females have many things to loss than males, in rape cases. They may face social isolation, harassing, teasing etc. In order to avoid such things, victims quiet often try to hide the rape attempts made by the males. The failure of victims in reporting their bitter experiences related to rape, encourage the offenders further and they will repeat their activities again and again. There are many rape cases reported from different countries in w hich the offender was none other than the father himself. In such cases, the victim (female children) will not disclose their experience most of the times because of their fear of their father. â€Å"In one study, seventy-four percent of women who had intercourse before age fourteen and sixty percent of those who had sex before age fifteen report having had a forced sexual experience (Colb, 2004, p.2). The above statistics show the depth of the problem quiet clearly. It is an accepted fact that teenagers are vulnerable to sex related crimes than adults because of various reasons. Molesting a teenager is easy than molesting an adult because of genetic or psychological reasons. Teenage is a period during which sex hormones develop rapidly and therefore teenagers have a strong desire for sexual

Strategies to Build Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies to Build Culture - Essay Example Lastly, a discussion on how this strategy benefits culture within a workplace or school shall be critically analyzed. Teaching becomes monotonous in a learning setup especially in the mid semester. Effective communication is an essential tool to learning and teaching. Inappropriate communication makes listeners to be confused, disinterested, and frustrated (Barnard, 2008, p. 5). Communication in the effective manner helps and guide teachers to engage students in the learning process. Effective communication in a classroom set up involves the use of, group discussion, feedback, and visual aids. Visual aids are used by instructors to drive a point to the learners. Verbal communication is a proper way to articulate ideas and thoughts and educates, nevertheless, devoid of visual aids, learners may not get the whole information. Visual aids capture the attention of the audience who then is capable to keep the information taught. As well stated, through seeing, one is able to believe the i nformation on vision. Group discussion implementation helps learner to own information being instructed upon. In class, the instructor can preserve some 15 minutes to divide students into small groups where they choose a leader, and provide a hand out to each group with questions to be discussed. Feedback is when learners are given powers to put across their opinions. Feedback enables students to effectively process the information, and interact among themselves during the process of learning. Instructors use provoking questions to allow a feedback session continuation. Instructor asks questions that steer up the conversation among learners so as to arrive at conclusions to be taught (Schneeberger, 2008, p 6). Effective communication is a strategy applied at work place to compliment a person for a job well done. This can be done through non verbal communication. In school, effective communication strategy provides students with morale to work hard. For instance, a manager may compli ment the junior staff by use of gestures. Such gestures can be either a handshake or patting on the back for a task well completed. Nonverbal and verbal communications apply in the working setup to emphasize or accent a responsibility. Nonverbally, it is manifested through powerful actions, and verbally through the voice of the tone. In school, the manager can compliment instructors for their hard work. This enables a teacher to work hand in hand with students for the sake of excellence in the school, thus meeting the educational foundation goals. Effective communication strategy benefits cultures within workplace or learning institutions to improve instructions. Cultures are traditions guiding actions of individuals, or the adaptive way of living of folks. Rules and regulations are policies formulated within any institution. In a school set up, rules govern the behavior of learners and ethics among instructors and learners. In order to familiarize learners on such rules and regulat ions, effective communication should take a centre stage. Learners should be informed on what is bad or good in accordance to the school policies. At work place, effective communication benefits culture and improves the working environment. Effective communication builds trusts in the work place. Employees feel motivated if the team leader communicates on any

American government shutdown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American government shutdown - Essay Example In the event that the gap of funding stays for a long time, the law requires that some government officials be laid off so as to address the emergency activities and services. During the government fund strain, the projects which are funded by law other than things like the social security are bound to be affected. All the activities that rely on the annual appropriation funds get affected with the decline of the congress to approve the funding of such annual appropriation (United States, 1999). The shutdown may not affect all the segments of the government. However, sometimes it may affect all the government operations depending on what the congress has turned down. For instance, during the time of Carter and Ford’s administration, there were gaps of funding that caused six partial shutdowns that affected only the departments of education, welfare, and labor. This was effective for around 18 days and what was causing the controversy was the federation abortion funding. During the administration of Reagan, there was some nominal shutdown. This was so especially when funding measures were under discussion to take care of government plans and priorities. During the administration of Bush, there was also a shutdown which lasted for a weekend and was resolved later on a Monday morning. During the Clinton administration, there was a shutdown that lasted for between 5 to 21 days due to the United States’ budget deficit. This was the most severe shutdown in the history of America. The massive congressional gain of the conservative was the reason and the cause of this historic shutdown. In 2013, there was yet another government shutdown which was created by a minor conflict of interest. This was caused by the dispute between the proponents and opponents of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which is famously known as the Obamacare. The republicans did this purposefully in the house of senate as well as in the house of representatives to delay the

Describe how Arthur Miller creates an exciting climax Essay Example for Free

Describe how Arthur Miller creates an exciting climax Essay Describe how Arthur Miller creates an exciting climax for both acts of A View from the Bridge'  A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller, is a play about obsession and betrayal. The main character, Eddie Carbone, becomes overprotective over his niece, Catherine, to the degree of infatuation. This obsession helps to cause the break down of Eddies marriage, as his wife, Beatrice realises the alarming nature of Eddies fixation. Eddies feelings for Catherine existed before Beatrices cousins, Marco and Rodolfo came, but their arrival intensifies the situation, as Eddie becomes more and more jealous of Rodolfo, and of Catherines love for him. This play is a tragedy and, like most tragedies, it is serious and ends with the death of the main character, Eddie. Eddie dies after betraying his wifes cousins to the immigration bureau. As a result, Marco, who is filled with hatred and in need of justice, stabs him. Arthur Miller was a New Yorker who worked on the Brooklyn docks, for a time. His experience of the docks and of the people around them, led him to write this play, which is set there. During this coursework, my aim is to study the ends of the two acts in depth to see what techniques Miller uses to make them dramatically effective. 1. During the last scene of act one (from page 39 when Catherine puts paper doll on the phonograph) we find out about the relationships of characters in more depth. The scene  2. Our understanding of this plays characters changes considerably in this final part of act 1. Marco who seemed, prior to this scene, to be quiet and shy shows what he actually feels by demonstrating his feelings about Eddie  3. There are many surprises in this scene, we as an audience do not expect Marco who has previously been shy and quiet to make such a blatant challenge as he does in this scene 4. This last scene in act one is used very effectively by Arthur miller to sow the seeds of events which are going to happen in the 2nd act of the play  5. The action in this scene Marcos action of holding up a chair triumphantly in front of Eddie is an interesting and significant action because the chair seems to be a symbolic weapon. Marco is threatening Eddie with it but, in contrast, he actually uses a weapon to kill Eddie in the final scene of the play.  6. although there seems to only be one conflict between characters in this (the one between Marco and Eddie; with the chair) there are actually many 7. This final scene leaves many questions unanswered. The conflicts between the characters in this scene could lead the audience to speculate as to how things will develop in the next act but although this scene gives the audience, some idea of how things turn out it does not tell them everything. They may ask themselves what is going to happen to Catherine and Rodolfos relationship since it seems plain that Eddie dislikes Rodolfo and disapproves of his relationship with his niece.  8. Particularly interesting characters within this scene are Marco, who has changed so much and is so different in this final scene of act one to the previous part of the play. 9. The Characters in this scene are very interesting to observe on their own but it is also interesting to see how Arthur Miller has contrasted the actions of his characters in this scene. One such contrast is that between Marco and Eddie. Eddie uses Aggressive action, such as boxing to make his point whereas Marcos subtle challenge with the chair is non aggressive but yet still makes the intended point. These contrasts between the two mens actions are very interesting and are very effective in demonstrating the diffe 10. Emotions of the audience towards characters are mixed. They may feel happy for Catherine and Rodolfo in that theyve found each other and seem so happy. Some may speculate, however about that this relationships days are numbered due to Eddies obviously hostile feelings towards rodolfo. 1. The situations that develop in this play would be difficult for anyone to deal with. Eddie finds the situation that he is in especially difficult and consequently he is seriously affected by it. In this play Eddie goes from being a popular man, respected in the community to being a man willing to betray his own family and, in the final scene one prepared to kill. Eddie started by just being over protective of Catherine, which developed into jealousy of Rodolfo because Catherine loved him and this, in turn developed into passionate hatred of both Marco and Rodolfo. Eddie hardly understands what he himself is feeling at the end of the play. These emotional changes are central to Arthur millers play since they help to cause the chain of events leading up to the final tragic end and are very important in creating interest and drama in the play.

Marketing Intelligence Helping Adidas

Marketing Intelligence Helping Adidas The paramount marketers discern their market they have in depth acquaintance of their customers, their needs, what companies/ competition have done in the past, and in which course the market is headed. The Best Battle of the Past Few Decades Nike vs. Adidas The battle between Nike and Adidas started in the late 70s. In the mid-80s, Nike signed basketball superstar Michael Jordan and quickly released the Air Jordan line. Adidas signed Run DMC banking on the explosion of Hip-Hop. Who won? Well, they both sell sports shoes and Adidas signed a musical group while Nike signed a sports star. Till 2000, Nikes worth was$15 billion and Adidass $8 billion. Nike dominated most sports while Adidas remained strong only in soccer. Why did this happen? The strong Market Intelligence helped Nike stay in correct positioning by signing basketballs most popular rising star. Adidas strayed from the sports theme completely by signing a Hip-Hop group. Market Intelligence (MI) is the information relevant to a companys markets gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision-making in determining market opportunity, market penetration strategy, and market development metrics. Competitive Intelligence describes the broader discipline of researching, analyzing and formulating data and information from the entire competitive environment of any organization. Business Intelligence of any kind may also be their responsibility, in tandem with (or solely performed by) the Finance department, for measuring market share and setting growth targets, the Mergers Acquisition group for exploring acquisition opportunities, the Legal department to protect the organizations assets or RD for cross-company comparison of innovation trends and the discovery of opportunities through innovative differentiation. Market intelligence focuses particularly on competitors, customers, consumer spending, market trends, and suppliers. A marketing intelligence system is a set of procedures and data sources used by marketing managers to examine information from the environment that they can use in their decision making. Unfocused scanning The manager, by virtue of what he/she reads, hears and watches exposes him/herself to information that may prove useful. Like did by adidass Louis-Dreyfus in its 1993 downsizing the staff following the trends of industry. Semi-focused scanning Manager narrows the range of media that is scanned. For instance, the manager may focus more on economic and business publications, broadcasts etc. and pay less attention to political, scientific or technological media. Like its seem in the ads which were targeted only the youth. Informal search This describes the situation where a fairly limited and unstructured attempt is made to obtain information for a specific purpose. For example, the marketing manager of a firm considering improving its bottom line. Like in the case of Adidas . In 1994 U.S. sales grew 62 percent, and a year later the company went public. By the late 1990s the companys U.S. sales were growing at an annual rate of nearly 50 percent Formal search This is a purposeful search after information in some systematic way. The information will be required to address a specific issue. Like in case of Adidas over merging with Reebok. COMPETITION Adidas estimated that Nikes media budget was 10 times greater than its own-but adidas believed that its quality products and careful marketing could generate enthusiasm among consumers. Fortunately for adidas, Nike hit a rough patch in the late 1990s that helped pave the way for adidass success. Although Nike still dominated the athletic-footwear category, its hold grew weaker. MARKETING STRATEGY through MI Better to have a conversation with people, not a conversation at people. Adidass marketing intelligence found what people wanted to see, feel and buy. How people associate themselves with different celebs and it proceeded on same lines. OUTCOME Adidas continued to flourish and in 1998 held onto its number three ranking in the athletic-footwear industry with a 6 percent share, according to market research firm NPD Group, Inc. In comparison, Nikes retail dollar share was 34 percent and Reeboks 13 percent. Adidas spokesperson John Fread told the Business Journal of Portland, For us, [1998] was an outstanding year, another record. Adidas was back in the game, and it planned to stay there, pursuing its commitment to sports and athletes around the globe through its strong Market Intelligence. Adidas plus Reebok is equal to better competition with giant Nike In 2006, Adidas acquired Reebok in a US$3.1 billion deal. The merger was aimed at helping Adidas increase its share in the U.S. market and better compete with market leader Nike Inc. and fourth ranked Puma AG. The Reebok acquisition was seen as a key factor in growing the Adidas brand in developing and fashion-oriented markets of Asia like China, Korea, and Malaysia. Moreover, Reebok already had marketing tie-ups in China (with Yao Ming). The Adidas brand had sales worth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬7.1 billion (US$10.8 billion) while Reebok had sales worth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.3 billion (US$3.5 billion). In 2006 the Adidas brand had sales worth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬6.6 billion to Reeboks à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.5 billion. The marketing Intelligence has definitely helped Adidas to evolve as one No. 1 in sports footwear. Nike reported worldwide futures orders for athletic footwear and apparel (scheduled for delivery from December 2007 through April 2008) totaling $6.5 billion, 13 percent higher than such orders reported for the same period last year.

How Does Golding Make This Passage Tense And Powerful? :: English Literature:

How Does Golding Make This Passage Tense And Powerful? Golding uses many techniques to make this passage tense and powerful by using language and the content of the passage. He uses many types of imagery and dramatic language throughout the passage as well as changes in pace and many different sorts of sound effects. The most conspicuous means Golding has used to make this passage very powerful is the content. He implies that someone has died in this passage, which evokes many feelings among readers because death is such a disastrous occurrence: "That little 'un had a mark on his -face -where is -he now?" The way Golding has portrayed the death is particularly effective because it is not definite that the boy has died and not knowing something is more tense than knowing something. Also the boy didn't die in the book, meaning all we have is the reactions from the boys and what they say, instead of knowing exactly what happened we are left to think about it on our own, using our own imagination. The imagery that Golding uses in the passage is very descriptive and unsettling. He uses personification, similes and metaphors: "Tall swathes of creepers rose for a moment into view, agonized, and went down again." Here Golding has used personification to depict the plants. This shows how the boys are starting to see things and get very paranoid of their surroundings. The plants seem to be coming to life, which is very unnatural and disconcerting. "One patch touched a tree trunk and scrambled up like a bright squirrel." This is a simile, describing the fire to be like a squirrel, which seems really strange but also very subtle and powerful. Golding has portrayed to very different things: an innocent squirrel and a lethal fire. This makes the fire appear quite harmless; therefore highlighting its danger even more when we find out it has killed someone. "The drum-roll of the fire" --------------------------- The metaphor Golding has used here is repeated several times in the passage. Later he just says, "drum-roll" instead of fire. This is effective because a drum roll is a powerful and steady sound, very distinctive and of importance. Although it doesn't sound like a fire it is very significant like the fire is in this passage. Also the thought of a growing drum-roll going on during this passage builds up much tension. In this passage Golding doesn't just use the boy's speech to convey

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American Political System and Philosophy Essay

The United States of America would have been completely different had the Founding Fathers been influenced by a different philosophical stream. Had democracy not been the cornerstone of the nation, Americans would not be enjoying the rights they have today. Democracy, in its literal meaning, suggests that the power of the state rests on its constituents and that, therefore, the fate of the country solely depends on its people. Without a democratic system, there will be no elections and no representations in the political arena. Since elections provide the means for the people to constantly shape the course of the nation’s institutions through elected officials, the lack thereof deprives Americans of their right to steer their country towards the direction which they see best fits their needs. For the most part, the Founding Founders perfectly embodied the noble principle of democracy in three simple words—â€Å"We the People†. If the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes became the foundation of America, Americans will be forced to surrender their rights to a single authority. In effect, Americans will be left powerless as the â€Å"Leviathan† would have now held and wielded the aggregate of all their rights. The limitation of the political philosophy of Hobbes is clear—it does not recognize a large number of the rights of the people, more so their inalienable rights. Without recognizing the rights of the people, society becomes either lifeless or mechanical as individuals are forced to follow whatever the sitting authority dictates. In the society of Hobbes, Americans have no right to tell the ruler what to do. In some cases, modern Americans are unable to convince their local officials to do as they are told by their constituents. Rather, some local officials play deaf and mute to the calls of their constituents to make certain actions that will favor the larger body politic instead of a few chosen elites. If the political philosophy of John Stuart Mill became the foundation of America, the political system would have been chosen depending on the greatest good for the greatest number. In short, the political system will essentially be a Utilitarian system. In such a system, certain harms towards some Americans are permissible so long as the majority of the population is able to gain the best benefit. It then becomes clear that human rights violations are permissible if such violations would realize the best interest of the people. For example, the murder of thieves vigilante groups commit becomes acceptable because it reduces the possible sources of threats to life and property to most Americans. In the long run, the rule of law becomes parallel to the rule of the majority. Minorities who stand in opposition to the principles and ideals of the majority become powerless and are reduced to â€Å"toothless† citizens of the nation unable to change the social situation. Oftentimes, modern American culture reflects the Utilitarian perspective. One compelling example is the time when African-Americans were racially discriminated. Their discrimination was left unattended to by the federal government at that time primarily because most of the American population such as the â€Å"conservatives† benefitted from the oppression—benefit as in the context of their perception. I think the political philosophy of John Locke best reflects the formation of America as a nation. Locke primarily espouses the idea that men in the State of Nature would come together and transfer the power to punish transgressors to the government. Although the will of the majority requires all people to follow that will, the government plays the role of judge in times when offenses towards the people occur. The society formed from convention of people comes with certain laws that guide the actions of all people and serve as an adjudicating force with the aid of judges. Today, much of Locke’s political philosophy can be observed in America. The country has its own set of laws that guide the conducts of its citizens. Although the will of the majority is observed especially during elections, it does not necessarily deprive the minority of their rights and privileges in the society. As a matter of fact, American laws, in principle, do not discriminate between those who belong to the majority and those who are from the minority. All people are equal before the law.

Anime Business Plan

Exam 2 1. How a clearly defined vision helps a business A. Vision produces direction – companies who spell out the vision for their company focus everyone’s attention on the future and detail the path a business will take B. Vision determines decision C. Vision motivates people- a clear vision excites and ignites people to action D. Vision allows for perseverance in the face of adversity. 2. Define strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats a.Strength- are positive internal factors that inhabit a company’s ability to accomplish its missions goals and objects b. Weakness- are negative internal factors that inhibit a company’s ability to accomplish its missions goals and objectives c. Opportunity’s- positive external forces that a firm can exploit to accomplish its missions goals and objectives. d. Threats- are negative external factors that inhibit a company’s ability to achieve its goals and objectives. 3. Three types of competition Direct, Significant competitors, and indirect competitors.Direct Competitors – offer the same products and services Customers often compare prices Deals among these competitors when they shop. Significant Competitors – offer some of the same services or similar products or services Product or service lines overlap but not completely. Indirect – offers same or similar products only in as small number of areas. 4. Three types of strategies- a. Cost leadership- Strives to be the low cost provider relative to its competition in the industry b.Differentiation- A Company seeks to build customer loyalty by positioning its goods or services in a unique or different way. c. Focus (niche) – a strategy in which a company selects one or more market segments, identity’s customer special needs wants & interests & offers them with excellent service designed to meet their needs. 5. Define complete advantage- the aggregation of factors that sets a small business apart fro m its comptetiors and gives it a unique position in the market segments to its competition. 6. Purpose of easibility analysis- a process to determine whether or not an idea can be transformed into a valid business. 7. Elements in 5 forces model- * Rivalry among competitors in the market(strongest force) Barraging power of suppliers to the industry, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants to the industry, threats of substitute products or services. 8. Definition of business prototyping- a process in which entrepreneurs test their business models on a small scale before committing serious resources to launch a business that might not work. . Three aspects considered in financial feasibility analysis- * Primary research- information that the entrepreneur collects first hand and analyses * Secondary research- information that has already been compiled and is analyzed for use often at a very reasonable cost or sometimes even free. * Focus groups- a market research technique th at involves enlisting a small number of potential customers (usually 8-120) to give an entrepurerure fed back on specific issues about a potential product or service.Or special idea it’s self. 10. Two functions of a business plan- * Guides an entrepreneur by charting the company’s future course of action and devising a strategy for success. * Provides a battery of tools – Mission statements, goals, objectives, market analyses, budgets, financial forecasts, target markets, strategy’s to help entrepreneur lead the company. 11. Most common form of business ownership- Sole proprietorship. 12. Advantages/Disadvantages of sole proprietorship Advantages Simple to create, least costly to being, profit incentive, total decision making authority, No special legal restrictions, easy to discontinue Disadvantages * Unlimited personal responsibility, limited skills & capabilities, feelings of isolation, limited access to capital, lack of continuity in business. 13. Typ es of Corporations – * Domestic- a corporation that does business in the state it was founded in. * Foreign – a company doing business in a state other that where it was founded. Alien – a corporation found in another country but doing business in the U. S * Closely held – a corporation whose shares are controlled by a relatively small number of people Family elatives friends Employees. * Publicly Held – A corporation who has a large number of stock holders usually traded on the stock exchange. 14. Advantagesdisadvantages of corporations- Advantages – Limited liability of stock holders, ablitlty to attract capital , ability to continue indefinitely, Transferable ownership.Disadvantages – Cost and time involved in the incorporation process, double tax, and potential for diminished managerial incentive, legal requirements and regulatory red tape, potential loss of control by founders. 15. Types of partnerships – General Partnersh ip – Partners who share in owning a business and who have unlimited personal liability for partners dept. Limited Partnership – Partners, who make financial investments and partnership, do not take on an active role in managing a business, and whose liability is limited to amount invested. 16.Define Franchising – A system of distribution in which semi-independent business owners pay fees and royalties to a parent company in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services and often to use its business format and system. 17. Benefits of Franchise – A business system that is proven , manager training and support, brand name appeal, standardized quality of gods and services, national advertising program, financial assistance, proven produces and business formats, combined buying power site selection and territory protecting, greater chance of success. 8. Three types of franchise * Trade name – involves a b rand name without distributing particular products exclusively under the franchiser name * Product Distribution – Involves a franchises licensing a franchisee to sell specific products under the franchisors brand name and trademark though a selective limited distribution network. * Pure – involves providing the franchisee with a complete business format. 19.Definition of piggy back franchise- a method of franchising in which two or more franchises team up to sell complimentary products or services under one roof. 20. Multiple unit Franchising – a method in which a franchiser opens more than one unit in a broad territory with in a specific time period. 21. Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) – a document that every franchisor is required by law to give potential franchisees before any offer or sale of a franchise outlines 23 important pieces of information. 2. Advantages /Disadvantages of buying an existing business – * Advantages – a success ful business may continue to be successful a successful business may already have the best location employees and suppliers are already established, equipment is already installed and productive capacity is known inventory is in place and tide credit is established new business owners hit the ground running. Disadvantages – It’s a looser the previous owner may have created ill will Employees inherited with the business may not be sustainable the locating is unstable equipment and facility’s may be obsolete change and innovation may be hard to implement inventory may be out of date or obsolete account receivables may be less that face value business may be overpriced. 23. Steps to acquiring a business the right way. a. Analyst your skills and ability’s b. Prepare a list of potential candidates c. Investigate and evaluate candidate business to find the best one d. Explore financing options . Ensure smooth transition by communication with employs. 24. Acquir ing procedures – * Identify and approach candidate * Sign the nondisclosure statement * Sign letter of intent * Buyers due diligence investigation * Draft the purchase agreement * Close the final deal * Begin the transition 25. 5 Ps of negotiation * Preparation – examine the needs of both parties * Poise – Remain calm during the negotiation. * Patience – don’t be in such a hurry * Persuasiveness- know what most important positions are articulate them. * Persistence – don’t give in a first sign of resistance to your position.

Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay

Desdemona as a victim in The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is widely known for his famous plays, sonnets, and other works including the tragedy. In The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, many characters are unjustly victimized. Throughout the play, Othello’s wife, Desdemona, is a victim of many false statements that lead to her ultimate death. In the beginning, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, believes that Desdemona is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. As the play progresses, Othello, who is overcome with jealousy, falsely accuses Desdemona of having an affair with his lieutenant and best friend, Michael Cassio. After acquiring â€Å"proof† that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, Othello becomes so enraged to the point that he kills Desdemona. In conclusion, it is pretty obvious that Desdemona is unjustly victimized. In the beginning of the play, Brabantio believes that his daughter, Desdemona, is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. Because of this Desdemona has betrayed her father and she is said to be dead to him. Ay, to me. She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted  By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (Oth. 1. 3. 59-64) In this quote, Brabantio tells the Senators that Desdemona is dead to him because she married Othello. He is sure that Desdemona is either being tricked or drugged because there is no way she would make the mistake of not only marrying behind his back, but also marrying a black man. Shawn Smith states that from the moment Brabantio learned of his daughter’s marriage, he was not happy with Othello, accusing him of witchcraft. †¦ [Desdemona’s suffering] initially appears in Othello in a formal legal setting when, in the first act, Brabantio initiates a suit against his new son-in-law, accusing him of improperly obtaining the love of Desdemona† (13). During this suit, Brabantio discovers that Desdemona intended to marry Othello and that she was not under a spell; because of this, he disowns his own daughter. She is considered a victim in this situation not only because her father disowns her, but because she was falsely accused of being under a pell her husband created. As the play progresses, the dishonest Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with his best friend, Michael Cassio. At first Othello does not believe Iago, but after acquiring â€Å"proof,† he falsely accuses Desdemona of not being faithful. â€Å" . . . She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief/ Must be to loathe her† (Oth. 3. 3. 269-270). Because he thinks his wife is cheating on him, Othello believes that his only solution is to hate Desdemona, even though it will tear him apart. Desdemona is a victim in this scenario because she is being falsely accused of cheating on her husband. She can also be considered a victim because of words that she chooses throughout this act. After Othello fires Cassio from his position as lieutenant for being drunk and disorderly on the job, Desdemona promises that she will make sure Othello forgives and forgets. â€Å"He [Othello] now believes that Cassio has despoiled Desdemona, and for that he seeks the cuckold’s vengeance. No longer the doubtful, frustrated falconer, he has become the convinced, determined avenger† (Carson 193). Othello is one hundred percent convinced that Desdemona is being unfaithful and he makes a rash decision to no longer be a trustworthy, loving husband, but rather a mean and vengeful man. Because she is stubborn with her words and actions, Othello mistakes her to be in love with Cassio. This does not work out for Desdemona in the end. Othello becomes so enraged and jealous at Cassio and Desdemona that he believes the only solution is to have Cassio killed and kill Desdemona himself. After â€Å"hearing† Cassio being murdered, he makes his way back to Desdemona’s chamber where he plans to strangle her in her sleep. Desdemona wakes up and after asking if she has said her prayers, Othello informs her of his plan. â€Å"Sweet soul, take heed,/ Take heed of perjury; thou art on thy death-bed† (Oth. 5. 2. 51-52). While he is in the act of killing her, Emilia, Desdemona’s attendant and friend, shows up. He lets her into the room and after she discovers the body of her mistress, she questions Othello as to who has murdered Desdemona. Othello replies, â€Å" . . . ‘Twas I that kill’d her† (Oth. 5. 2. 131). Shawn Smith paints a sad picture with his description of the reactions of playgoers and actors of Desdemona’s death. When Othello murders her, the horrible injustice of the act causes both the characters on the stage and playgoers, such as Henry Jackson, to be moved to pity her unmerited suffering† (7). Anyone who reads or watches the play will be moved with such an enormous amount of pity that they can’t help but see Desdemona as a victim under her horrifying husband, Othello. Desdemona can clearly be seen as a victim at the end of the play, not only because of all the false accusations made against her, but because of her murder. Throughout the play, Desdemona is a victim in many situations that lead to her ultimate death. Her father, Brabantio, believes that she is under the spell of Othello and after finding out that she willingly married him, he disowns her. Her own husband is overcome with jealousy made by false accusations and believes that she is cheating on him with his best friend. His jealousy and anger get so out of hand that Othello murders Desdemona in the end, not only because of the rumor, but because of her own words. If Desdemona had not been murdered, she would not be seen as a great victim. Her murder and the events leading up to it show that she is unjustly victimized throughout the entire play.

Hunting Snake by Judith Wright Essay

First of all remember that we would never know what exactly the poet is trying to mention and non of the comments can said to be ‘wrong’ Great black snake represents the aborigin people in Australia and the person who gets scared of this snake is an English occupier. The word ‘black’ is simply you can understand that it means black people and snake is a wild animal who lives on their own land but humans are the occupiers and the writer at the same time fears and admires the snake while the snake ‘fled’ which mean the snake is also afraid of the people. As you can understand in present time, English people have started moving to Australia in order to get that place and the aborigins, the original people of Australia is being ignored at the same time we admire them but this admire is so extreme and unnecessary that we make them feel like they’re wild animals. And if you ever go to Australia, you would see that the tour guides would show the local people of Australia, the aborigins with their hands and we would admire them but we will never chat with them or have any talk between as we are scared and this is also the way we treat the wild animals. In the first stanza, we can see a perfect Picture of the atmosphere. The sky is in ‘gentlest’ way despite when the person sees that ‘great’ ‘black’ snake, we can understand that with using the word ‘great’, person admires the snake. But why is the word ‘black’ is used? As you can understand the color black represents darkness which humans fear. Also don’t we talk about racism, the ‘black’ and white people. We treat the black people as the same way, we act like they’re aliens, like they’re different from us and also we show an unnecessary amount of admire which makes them more alienated.

Indian girl Essay

He was a good husband. No one could deny it. He let her have her own way, indulged her, even. When the kitchen was remodelled, for example, and she wanted pink and grey tiles even though he preferred white. White. A clean colour. A colour he believed to be innocent, just like his wife.  He was traditional as an Indian man could get. He had expectations from his wife. Demands that had to be fulfilled.  She would dress as he would tell her too, sleep with him when he wanted her to.  Not only that, she would provide him with a son and a daughter. The duty of every Indian wife was to give their husband a child, regardless of whether they wanted to or not. He would be the provider in this relationship. She would cook and clean at home while he worked.  It was tradition after all and he was very traditional.  However, when he did put his foot down he would often soften his no’s with kind remarks. There had been two occasions that he strongly remembered in which he had to be firm. Like when she wanted to get a job and go back to school or buy English clothes.  Nobody in his family had ever worn English clothes, except for the men that is.  His mother, his mother’s mother and sisters had always dressed in Indian clothes†¦no matter what the occasion. He preferred Indian clothes on his wife too. After all they hid her body. The loose blouses didn’t reveal her breasts like some English tops or show an unnecessary amount of cleavage. The endless mounds of fabric concealed his wife’s legs and waistline.  He believed his wife’s body was just for him to look at. Why tempt other men to look at his wife’s curvaceous hips or low cut neckline?  The soft remarks that often accommodated his no’s were mostly, â€Å"What for? I’m here to take care of you† or â€Å"You look so much prettier in your Indian clothes, so much more feminine.† He would pull her to his lap and give her a kiss and cuddle, which usually ended with him taking her to the bedroom. That was another area where he had to be firm. Sex. His wife was constantly pleading with him, â€Å"Please, not tonight.† He didn’t mind that. She was, after all, a well-bred Indian girl.  She had good Indian values that he felt all Indian women should have. Her dreams in life were those of his mother’s. She wanted to marry, have children and live a contented life in a glorious home. She was conservative and an introvert. Not a woman who would cause him embarrassment in front of friends and family. Timid†¦someone who needed support and he believed that he was indeed the support she needed. But her reluctance went beyond womanly modesty.  After dinner for instance, she would start on the most convoluted household projects, soaping down the floors, changing the liners in the cabinets. The night before she had disappeared she’d started cleaning the windows, taking out the Window cleaner and rags as soon as she’d put the boy to bed, even though he had mumbled, â€Å"Let’s go.†Ã‚  Surely he couldn’t be blamed for raising his voice at those times (though never so much to wake his son) or for grabbing her by the elbow and pulling her to the bed, like he did the night before she disappeared. He was always careful not to hurt her, he prided himself on that. Not even a little slap. And he always told himself he’d stop if she really begged him, if she cried, After some time, though, she would quit struggling and let him do what he wanted. But that was nothing new. That could have nothing to do with the disappearance†¦after all that was his right.  His grandfather had done the same with his wife, his father had treated his mother the same way too and she had turned out fine hadn’t she?  So, why should he have treated his wife differently? She too was an Indian woman and for generations Indian women had been afflicted upon. So what made her so special? Why couldn’t he behave the same way with his wife as his male ancestors had with theirs? Two weeks passed and there was no news of Zeneve, even though the husband had put a notice in the local newspaper as well as a half-page ad in India West, which he’d photocopied and taped to all the neighbourhood lampposts. The ad had a photo of her, a close up taken in too bright sunlight where she gazed gravely at something beyond the camera.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How on earth will you come up with that kind of money?† asked his friend’s. The husband confessed it would be difficult, but he’d manage somehow. His wife was more important to him, after all, than all the money in the world. And to prove it he went to the bank the very same day and brought home a sheaf of forms to fill in so that he could take out a second mortgage on the house. He kept calling the police station, too, but the police weren’t much help. (They were working on it apparently.) They’d checked the local hospitals and morgues, the shelters†¦but there were no leads. It didn’t look very hopeful.  So finally he called India over a faulty long-distance connection that made his voice echo eerily in his ear. He told his mother what had happened.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My poor boy!† she wailed. â€Å"Left all alone† (the word flickered unpleasantly across his brain, left, left.)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How can you possibly cope with the household and a child as well?† she added. And when he admitted that yes, it was very difficult, could she perhaps come and help out for a while if wasn’t too much trouble, she replied â€Å"Of course! I’ll come right away and stay as long as you need me too and what was all this English nonsense about too much trouble? You’re my only son aren’t you?† She even said tha t she would contact the wife’s family too so he wouldn’t have to deal with that awkwardness. He was relieved at his mother’s kind gesture. How could he possibly face his in-laws at a time like this? How would he tell them that there one and only daughter may never come back?  Within a week his mother had closed up the little flat she had lived in since her husband’s death, got hold of a special family emergency visa and was on her way. Almost as though she’d been waiting for something like this to happen, said some of the women spitefully. These were his wife’s friends, though in his opinion, acquitances would be a more accurate word. His wife had liked to keep to herself, which had been just fine with him. He was glad, he’d told her several times, that she didn’t spend hours chattering on the phone like the other Indian wives.  He was livid when this gossip reached him (perhaps because he had the same insidious thought for a moment, when at the airport, he noticed just how happy his mother looked.) â€Å"Really† he asserted to his friends, â€Å"some people see only what they want to see. Don’t you think it is a good thing she has come over?†

Singapore Exchange and the Australian Securities Exchange Assignment

Singapore Exchange and the Australian Securities Exchange - Assignment Example The above proposal of SGX– based on an offer of $8.2 billion – has been considered as an important initiative for strengthening the financial performance of both markets involved (Jakarta Globe 2010); moreover, the local economies will be benefited – both in the short and the long term. The key advantage of the new group – the one resulting from the merge of the above two exchange markets – will be related to the following fact: Australia has significant and adequate resources while Singapore is well known as a powerful marketplace and it is also directly linked with the Chinese market (Jakarta Globe 2010). It should be noted that the decision of leaders in Singapore’s SGX to propose a merger between their organization and the ASX has caused severe turbulence in the Asian market. The new group,  as resulted from the above merger, will be quite powerful. For Australia, the specific merger is related to a series of benefits. At a first level, the resulted group will have a capitalization of about $12.3 billion, i.e. it will be fifth in the list of the most powerful exchange groups worldwide (Jakarta Globe 2010). Of course, it would be quite important that Australia would keep its control on its market (D. Horsfield in Wen et al. 2010). It seems that such risk is not involved in the particular project; in fact, in the relevant proposal it is made clear that the two markets will remain independent – as separate legal entities – and will be regulated in accordance with the local laws (Laible 2010); in March 2011 the above proposal was changed incorporating the rule that each of the exchange markets will be equally represented in the board of the new organization (Lee 2011).  In terms of its benefits, the particular merger would lead to the establishment of ‘a single multi-asset platform lowering trading costs and increasing technical efficiencies’ (Laible 2011); the above fact would result to t he increase of the number of investors.

What do you think the likelihood of success will be for President Essay

What do you think the likelihood of success will be for President Obama to implement the remaining items of his agenda - Essay Example Congress members from both fronts of the political divide all have an input in what is to be implemented and what is not. They exercise their power through voting for or against any policy. For any of these items to be implemented, a majority of the Senate members must vote for the item through persuasion and lobbying. The likelihood of President Obama to implement the items of his agenda that are yet to be done is high. The fulfillment of items in his agenda led to the recent up-surge in his approval ratings. President Reagan is an excellent example of a president who was able to push his agenda forward despite all odds. His changes especially in the budget and tax reforms cannot go unnoticed.2 Reagan was successful in his bid to implement his agenda because he possessed the self discipline and clarity required to control the agenda. His strategy was to take on an issue a time rather than to have a full plate that neither he nor congress could handle at a time. President Jimmy Carter, on the other hand, was relatively unsuccessful. This was because the challenge of being president was simply overwhelming. He did not prioritize his agenda laying emphasis on the most urgent ones and lacked enthusiasm. He instead took on everything at a go, and this portrayed him as a man who had no concrete plan for the nation. His style of handling business did not impress Congress

Article on the reflection of media on new scientific research Essay

Article on the reflection of media on new scientific research - Essay Example Rossi brings about an understanding that previously used techniques firstly are extremely inefficient and do not always produce a true IPS. Secondly, due to the use of a retroviral vectors the cells tend to reject the attempt of incorporating the modified RNA and view the viruses as infectious threat leading them to undergo apoptosis and activation of interferon pathways. Furthermore, due to the nature of retroviral integration the cells become prone to mutagenesis leading to cancer due to activation of Onco-genes. Thirdly, once an IPS cell is produced by the old method there is a question of how closely these cells are able to act as the Gold Standard ES Embryonic Stem cells, and if they are prone to reversing back to their pre- induced state. Lastly, the future of IPS is to have them generated specifically for each patient and the old ways of Pluripotency Induction are very limited and only a small amount of Pluripotent cells are able to be derived (Johnson, 2010). New IPS cell der ivation technique is quite impressive in a number of ways; primarily in the derivation simplicity and then in the technique itself. Above all Rossi states there is no need for a specialized lab, as any scientist with basic RNA modifying equipment is able to create the IPS cells, the media realizes this opens up enumerate possibilities for not only future research but also gene therapy(Warren et al., 2010). These therapies will be able tobe carried out all over the world as regular scientist will be able to modify cells in not only high tech labs such as Harvard Univerity but also in remote places as hospitals across Africa. The IPS generation technique described in the Rossi article entitled â€Å"Highly Efficient Reprogramming to Pluripotency and Directed Differentiation of Human Cells with Synthetic Modified mRNA† discusses that the induction discovered by Yamanaka requires the manipulation of only four Genes; KLF4, c-MYC, OCT4, and SOX2 (KMOS) are the four strips of RNA th at are required as transcription factors to re-set a skin cell in to an IPS cell. As it turns out the new induction procedure is also faster at producing IPS cells; Lowry and Takahashi found that the new technique produces IPS cells with efficiency thirty six times the previously used method, this indicates an enumerate improvement on IPS cell production efficiency, and opens opportunities for larger scale treatments in the future. As the comparative research carried out by Chan and Lowry indicates the new technique produces IPS colonies within seventeen days, which is roughly twice as fast then the four week minimum it would take using the out dated technique. Over all, the media reporters seem to be moving in the direction of how this research will effect the general population, clinical stem cell application and future research. Their curiosity is in the right place as this research will revolutionize the way stem cells are perceived by the general public, since we probably will no longer require cells from aborted fetuses. Moreover, due to the quantity and speed of production of IPS cells researchers may conduct mass scale clinical

American literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American literature - Essay Example A similar situation is observed in both the novel â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† by Harriet Jacobs and â€Å"Personal narrative† by Edward Jonathan. Both the writers present the readers with an autobiographical account in their own unique way and it also forms a major theme of both the works because although they are talking about their experiences yet the context, the experience and the style of narration is completely different but still the same. â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† is a detailed account of Harriet Jacob’s life as a slave during the 19 century. The novel is narrated in first person and the writer used the pseudonym Linda Brent in order to get her work published. The first person narration style creates a very close and direct relationship between the reader and the text because through this technique the author is able to make the readers his/her confidant. Although such a narrative presents a myopic view of the wh ole yet emotional impact is stronger in this type of narration. Furthermore the fact that the writer used a pseudonym to get her novel published is also of great importance as it highlights the author’s desperation to keep her identity a secret because of her fear of being recognized. Though the writer says that, â€Å"The slave girl is reared in an atmosphere of licentiousness and fear† () yet it did not deter her from enlightening the world about her situation as well as that of her fellow women. As it is stated in the preface of the novel that, â€Å"I do earnestly desire to arouse the women of the North to a realizing sense of the condition of two millions of women at the South, still in bondage, suffering what I suffered, and most of them far worse† (3). Hence these lines very aptly explain the motivation and the desire that forced Jacobs to write an autobiographical account of her life. Hence it is observed that such a genuine and emotionally rich account of the Jacob’s life not only evokes feelings of pity and sympathy but also teaches the readers a great deal about the manner in which women were treated at the time and the manner in which they deserve to be treated. As Jacobs mentions in the novel, â€Å"When he told me that I was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that I was nothing but a slave, whose will must and should surrender to his† (). The treatment of women is an issue which has been of grave importance for the past couple of centuries and this novel is a good reminder of the injustices that women suffer. Moreover this autobiographical account also explores the psychology of women and their insecurities as it is apparent from the lines, I was an object of her jealousy, and, consequently, of her hatred; and I knew I could not expect kindness or confidence from her under the circumstances in which I was placed. I could not blame her. Slaveholders' wives feel as other women would under si milar circumstances (). These lines not only explicate the insecurities of a woman who fears for her family but it also throws light on the writer’s wisdom at such a young age to be able to judge the appalling situation in which her fate had put her. Then again other issues like racism, slavery and role of religion are also discussed in this autobiograph

Tourism of Byron Bay in New South Wales, Australia Research Paper - 1

Tourism of Byron Bay in New South Wales, Australia - Research Paper Example Various destinations have been emerging as tourist attractions all around the world possessing unique features and offerings for tourism. Byron Bay is a city which is situated near beach area in New South Wales, Australia. The town is situated 772 kilometres from north of Sydney as well as 165 kilometres from south of Brisbane. The town consists of several beaches which are quite popular for boat surfing. It is recognised as a resort which is admired by both domestic as well as international tourists. Tourism policies in South West Australia have been characterised by reactive responses towards the need for income opportunities, especially concerning the rural communities with the hope that tourism will endorse regional development as well as help in restructuring the domestic economy. It is in this context that there exist many groups of stakeholders such as government agencies, maintenance groups, developers and domestic residents who play an influencing role in determining the excellence of the tourist destination. The primary aim of these stakeholders is to attain growth and development in the tourism management o f Australia (Jenkins & Michael, 1993). In 1998, a â€Å"National Plan for Tourism† was discharged by the Federal government of Australia to deliver the direction of Tourism policy formulation as well as industry strategy planning. The measures comprised of the plan aims to address the obstacles caused by sectoral growth seeking to protect Australia’s reputation as an excellent tourist destination. The main purpose of this plan has been to develop prospects for rising markets through implementing objective as well as customer-centric marketing strategies, promoting the development of provincial tourism, increasing industrial standard as well as ability levels, developing information in relation to the tourism industry.

Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Causes and Effects of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example According to the findings, obesity is impossible to hide and typically introduces a great deal of public humiliation every time the individual walks out the door. This element alone can cause lifelong severe psychological damage that significantly impacts the individual’s ability to live a happy, fulfilling life. However, the physical cost of being obese are much greater even than this. It is well-known that obesity can dramatically lower life expectancy at every age level. What might not be so well known is that there are at least 300,000 deaths in the United States every year that are the direct result of the person being obese. Even when life doesn’t seem threatened, people who are obese suffer a greater number of illnesses, have an earlier onset and more severe problems in their bones and joints and back region and are more lethargic than those who are not. Approaching epidemic proportions, identifying the causes and treatment of obesity is of utmost importance part icularly when working with children who have an entire lifetime ahead of them. Heredity significantly influences obesity. People who are genetically predisposed to being obese have a harder time trying to lose weight or to maintain the desired body mass. Children born into overweight families are often overweight even before they have the opportunity to try maintaining a healthy weight. Other contributing factors to the problem of obesity in children can include metabolic and socioeconomic circumstances, diseases, endocrine ailments, and medications Metabolism refers to how efficiently a person’s body burns up energy. Metabolic levels and hormonal balances differ widely from one person to another and both factor significantly in controlling weight.

Anti trust claims Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti trust claims - Research Paper Example The underlying questions were whether Microsoft manipulated its  application programming interfaces  (APIs) to favor Internet Explorer over third party web browsers (McMillan, 2003). The antitrust case against Microsoft set a dangerous example that foretells increasing government regulation in an industry which was formerly relatively free of government intrusion and that future technological progress in the industry will be hinder as a result. Microsoft was not really making any profits from Internet Explorer, and its marriage with the operating system was due to consumer expectation to have a browser bundled with the operating system. Instead, Microsofts true anticompetitive wallop was in the discounts it offered to Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) preventing other operating systems from getting a footing in the market. According to Microsoft the merger of Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer was the result of  innovation  and  competition. However the browser is still a distinct and separate product which did not need to be coupled with an operating system since a separate version was available for  Mac OS. Microsoft operating systems dominates approximately 90-95% of operating systems in computers and has become an innate standard for home and business computer applications. It is fairly obvious that Microsoft is the leading firm in the market for computer operating systems. The question in the current Microsoft antitrust case is whether or not Microsoft has used its monopoly to restrain trade in violation of federal antitrust statutes (Brennan, 2002). Microsofts decision to integrate Internet Explorer into the operating system was intended to purge the competitive threat posed by Netscape and Sun Microsystems Java programming language. This action, I believe, is a natural extension of the Windows

Inaugural Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Inaugural Speech Rhetorical Analysis Essay John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech is certainly one to remember. It’s memorable not for its length, but for the effective content that it beholds. He entices readers by the use of strong rhetoric techniques. His inaugural analyzes style of writing, such as diction, tropes, schemes, and syntax, and applies the concept of it effectively throughout the speech. A reader performs rhetorical analysis to examine how authors attempt to persuade their audiences by looking at the various components that make up the art of persuasion. Moreover, it is most essential to be able to understand the relationship among the speaker, subject, and audience, which President Kennedy adequately exploits in his speech. It is a necessity to be able to identify the speaker, subject, and audience in a piece of writing, such as John F. Kennedy’s inaugural speech. The ethical appeal, instead refers to the credibility, character, and confidence of a writer. There are a number of ways in which an author may establish ethical appeal. During the time period in which it was written, cold war tensions were still lingering the atmosphere and Kennedy had just won the position as president in a very close election over an accomplished opponent. Therefore, the nation is vulnerable and tense and has reached a turning point in history. The speaker would be classified as the narrator, which in this case is John F. Kennedy. Since he was elected president, the audience views him as an authoritative figure whose speech should be respected. Although Kennedy was young, he still faced critique on his tone and image, whether that be physical or mental. His speech was not aimed toward any particular individual, it was written for the world. So, it was expected of him to exhibit hope, compassion, strength, and loyalty. The speaker, subject, and audience all depend on each other in a piece of work because without them, it would be difficult to identify what the writing is talking about and who would be affected by it. Within President Kennedy’s speech, he utilizes various rhetorical strategies, including diction, tropes, syntax, and schemes, which make it more effective and versatile. For instance, parallelism such as the statement, â€Å"whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, hear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe,† gives flavor to the speech by pointing out opposite words within a single sentence but still making it work. A few antimetaboles are used in the speech, such as â€Å"let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate† and â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country,† make the speech more effective by twisting around the order of the words, or syntax, to get people to realize a point. Additionally, what makes Kennedy’s speech so effective is that he can transition from a simple sentence to a more complex, meaningful one in a matter of lines of the speech. In accordance to the diction, the words in his speech (freedom, poverty, devotion, and loyalty) are considered abstract. This is because they all convey a tone of desire and significant qualities held by friends. They strengthen and add more feeling to the speech as well. However, the archaic words, such as writ and forebears, are used in a manner to bring in the old language as well as the new, therefore there is sophistication as well as understanding. Kennedy also uses juxtaposition when he says, â€Å"peaceful revolution,† and this adds spice to the speech because of the contradiction of the two powerful words. Yet another effective rhetoric strategy that he uses is hortative sentences, such as ones using the phrase â€Å"let us† or â€Å"let both sides†, which urges action and attention to the audience the speaker is writing to. Clearly John F. Kennedy has made remarkable use of various rhetorical strategies throughout his inaugural speech, which in turn allows one to develop a superb rhetorical analysis with the different components of the text. His speech is an effective piece of writing because of its style, diction, syntax, tropes, and schemes. Additionally, it all goes back to the understood relationship between speaker, audience, and subject as well as the classical appeals.

Import and Export Essay Example for Free

Import and Export Essay Physical Exports: If the goods physically go out of the country or services are rendered outside the country then it is called as physical export. Deemed Exports: Where the goods do not go out of the country physically they can be termed as deemed exports. This will be subject to certain conditions as prescribed by the DGFT. Under Deemed Exports, the goods may be supplied to the manufacturer exporter who ultimately export a finished product of which this supply forms a part and ultimately go out of the country. E.g.  Supply of fabrics to the garment exporter who exports the garments made out of the said fabric. The government may announce from time to time the types of supplies that may be considered as deemed export. The Foreign Trade Policy gives the list of supplies considered under the Deemed Export Category. The policies and procedures are different for Physical Exports and Deemed Exports as also the benefits available. In a nutshell, Deemed Exports do not enjoy all the benefits that are available under Physical Export. The Foreign Trade defines exports as taking out of India any goods by land, sea, air. Although the act does not term them as â€Å"Physical Exports†, we have to put phrase to distinguish it from â€Å"Deemed Exports† which is sales in India but considered as exports for limited purpose. Types of Exporters: Exporters can be basically classified into two groupsManufacturer Exporter: As the exporter has the facility to manufacturer the product he intends to export and hence he exports the products manufactured by him. Merchant Exporter: An exporter who does not have the facility to manufacture an item. But, he procures the same from other manufacturers or from the market and exports the same. An exporter can be both a manufacturer exporter as well as a merchant exporter, he can export product manufactured by him or he can export items bought from the market. Once it is decided to export, it is mandatory on your part to follow certain procedures, rules and regulations as prescribed by various regulatory authorities such as DGFT, RBI, and Customs. These procedures, rules and regulations are laid down in the Exim Policy 2004-09, Exchange Control Manual, Customs Act etc. Accordingly Export documents are required to be prepared keeping in view of the requirement of the foreign buyers and our regulatory authorities. INCOTERMS 2013 What Incoterms Rules Are 11 terms of shipment and delivery provided by the International Chamber of Commerce for use in contracts for the business-to-business sales/purchases of tangible, portable goods, for implementation 1/1/11. Legacy to a long tradition of international use since 1936. Written to reflect rather than dictate trade practice. Always abbreviated by a three character English language acronym. Always accompanied by a geographic place the more precise the better. Updated to reflect current trade practice Used exclusively in sales/purchase contracts (we’ll call these â€Å"sales contracts†). Increasingly considered as a replacement for the former Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms (UCC §2-319 through  §2-324) What Incoterms Rules Aren’t Law. They must be specified in order to apply. All inclusive cannot address such issues as customary operations of carriers, ports, trades, government regulations, etc. What Incoterms Rules Do Divide costs, risks and responsibilities between sellers and buyers. ï‚ · Guide one or the other party into subsidiary contracts required to fulfill designated tasks such as contracts of carriage and contracts of insurance. What Incoterms Rules Don’t Do Address passage of title. Address recognition of revenue. Address remedies for breach of contract. Address more than one contract. (drop shipments) Refer to â€Å"ship’s rail† which changes the delivery point for FOB, CFR, CIF. Incoterms ® is a registered trademark of the International Chamber of Commerce, registered in several countries and used with permission. Definitions Delivery: indicates where the risk of loss passes from seller to buyer. Shipment contract a type of sales/purchase contract under which the seller’s responsibility ends when the contract goods have been handed over to a carrier (i.e., the seller delivers by shipping). EXW, FCA, FAS, FOB,  CPT, CIP, CFR and CIF Incoterms rules are used in shipment contracts. Arrival contract: a type of sales/purchase contract under which the seller’s responsibility ends when the goods have arrived at the agreed place (i.e., the seller delivers when goods arrive). DAT, DAP and DDP Incoterms ® rules are used in arrival contracts. Liner terms: carrier loads and unloads vessel (used with waterborne transport). Ex Works (EXW) + Named Place (place where the shipment originates usually the seller’s premises) Breakdown:  Seller: have goods available when promised and packaged to the extent known or agreed. Buyer: everything else (pre-carriage, export clearance, main carriage, import clearance, on-carriage) Free Carrier (FCA) + Named Place (either place where shipment originates usually the seller’s premises or another place on the seller’s side.) Breakdown: A) When accompanied by the place where the shipment originates Seller: have goods available when promised, packaged to the extent known or agreed, load collecting vehicle, export clearance. Buyer: everything else (pre-carriage, main carriage, import clearance, on-carriage) B) When accompanied by another place on the seller’s side Seller: have goods available when promised, packaged to the extent known or agreed, load delivering vehicle, pre-carriage, export clearance. Buyer: everything else (unload delivering vehicle, main carriage, import clearance, on-carriage) Carriage Paid To (CPT) + Named Place (on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: deliver the goods appropriately packaged to the carrier for transportation to the named place of destination and pay all transport costs thereto. (The seller delivers at the first carrier unless specified otherwise in the sales contract.), export clearance. Buyer: unloading, import clearance, on carriage Carriage And Insurance Paid To (CIP) + Named Place (on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: as with CPT except seller must also provide at least minimum cover insurance in such a manner that the buyer can claim directly from the insurer Buyer: unloading, import clearance, on carriage Delivered At Terminal (DAT) + Named Place (terminal on buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: export clearance, deliver the goods appropriately packaged and unloaded at the named destination terminal and pay all transport costs thereto. Buyer: import clearance, on carriage Delivered At Place (DAP) + Named Place (on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: export clearance, deliver the goods appropriately packaged at the named destination and pay all transport costs thereto. Buyer: unloading, import clearance, on carriage Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) + Named Place (on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: export clearance, deliver the goods appropriately packaged and cleared for import at the named destination and pay all transport costs thereto. Buyer: unloading, on carriage Free Alongside Ship (FAS) + Named Place (alongside a vessel at port on the seller’s side) Breakdown: Seller delivers goods appropriately export packed alongside the buyer-designated vessel at the port on the seller’s side, export clearance. Buyer: everything else (vessel loading, main carriage, import clearance, on carriage) Free On Board (FOB) + Named Place (loaded on a vessel at a port on the seller’s side) Breakdown: Seller delivers goods appropriately export packed on board the buyer-designated vessel at the port on the seller’s side, export clearance. Buyer: everything else (main carriage, import clearance, on carriage) Cost And Freight (CFR) + Named Place (a port on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller delivers goods appropriately export packed on board the seller-designated vessel at the port on the seller’s side and pays transportation costs to the agreed port on the buyer’s side, export clearance. Buyer: everything else (vessel unloading import clearance, on carriage) Cost Insurance And Freight (CIF) + Named Place (a port on the buyer’s side) Breakdown: Seller: as with CFR except seller must also provide at least minimum cover insurance in such a manner that the buyer can claim directly from the insurer Buyer: everything else (vessel unloading import clearance, on carriage) CASE STUDY: You are the exporter. Your factory is situated 100 km from the port. Products can be moved by rail to port for loading, port facilities are good. Insurance is easily arranged. Your country is stable. Ships are available for shipment. What delivery terms would you suggest for sales of your product for the following countries. Country A: Good infrastructure Efficient inland transportation Known for labor dispute Country B: Excellent inland transportation Port congestion from 10 to 90 days Country C: Good port facilities Efficient inland transportation Buyer not reliable Country D: None of the above disadvantages Country is stable Buyer is reliable SHIPPING DOCUMENTS SELLER Invoice: includes value of the cargo, details related to payment, customs duties, insurance claims, declaration of permits and L/C negotiations Types of invoices: †¢Ã‚  Commercial invoice †¢Ã‚  Proforma invoice †¢Ã‚  Consular invoice †¢Ã‚  Customs invoice †¢Ã‚  Non-commercial value invoice Packing list: This statement gives the packing details of the goods in prescribed format. It is very useful document for customs at the time of examination and warehouse keeper of the buyer to maintain a record of inventory and to effect delivery. Essential contents: †¢Ã‚  Description †¢Ã‚  Measurement †¢Ã‚  Quantity Certificate of origin: The certificate issued by local chamber of commerce indicates that the goods which are being exported are actually manufactures in a specific country mentioned therein. It is sent by the exporter to the importer and is useful for clearance of goods from the customs authority of importing country. CARRIERS Bill of Lading (B/L): The document issued by shipping company acknowledging the receipt of goods mentioned in the bill for shipment on board or vessel. The B/L is the legal document to be referred in case of any dispute over the shipment. B/L can be a negotiable document. It contains: †¢Ã‚  The shipping companys name and address †¢Ã‚  The consignees name and address †¢Ã‚  The port of loading and port of discharge †¢Ã‚  Shipping marks and particulars †¢Ã‚  Number of packages and goods †¢Ã‚  Gross weight and net weight †¢Ã‚  Freight details and name of the vessel †¢Ã‚  Signature of the shipping companys agent  Common types of B/L †¢Ã‚  Clean  dirty  stale †¢Ã‚  Through/Tran-shipment †¢Ã‚  Combine transport †¢Ã‚  Master †¢Ã‚  House Airway Bill: The receipt issued by Airlines Company or its agent for carriage  of goods is a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier. It is a proof of receipt/booking, does not specify loading. Buyer Shipping guarantee (if necessary): Shipping Guarantee is given by the buyer in support of clearing cargo with put B/L. It also protects the carrier against any fraud and indemnify against any claims. CARGO INSURANCE Cargo insurance is the document obtained from the freight forwarder used to assure the consignee that insurance will cover the loss of damage to the cargo during transit. Reasons for Insurance: Protection against risk Prevent financial loss Requirement by bank e.g. L/C term Selling on certain term e.g. CIF Carrier limited liability Reduced business anxiety Documents necessary for claim: Companys cover letter Original policy Shipping invoice Packing list Original B/L or AWB Survey report Landing Account (unloading/discharge report) PAYMENT MODES: Advance Credit account Consignment sale Documentary collection 1. Document Against Payment (D/P): Supplier ship goods and forward bill of exchange to buyers bank through his own bank. No credit involved and buyer obtain title of goods after payment. 2. Document Against Acceptance (D/A): Supplier ship goods and forward bill of exchange to buyers bank through his own bank. Credit period involved and buyer obtain title of goods before payment. Letter of credit (L/C)  It is the letter of undertaking by importers bank to pay overseas exporter against exporters shipping document. Shipping document must strictly adhere to the terms and conditions of the L/C. L/C Procedures: Sales contract between seller and buyer Buyer open L/C with the issuing bank Issuing bank sends L/C to advising bank Advising bank sends L/C to seller Seller ship cargo Seller presents documents to negotiation bank for payment Negotiating bank checks documents and forward to issuing bank Issuing bank checks and pay to negotiating bank Negotiating bank pays to Seller Buyer pays issuing bank Issuing bank releases shipping documents to buyer Buyer uses issuing documents to clear cargo Types of L/C: Revocable Irrevocable 1. Confirmed 2. unconfirmed Red clause Revolving Transferable Back to back Advantages Secure Financial assistance Bank control and hold title to goods Seller receives payment before buyer receives goods Disadvantage Over reliance on shipping documentation No physical inspection of goods Bank not familiar with shipping practices Subject to fraud Very costly ADVANTAGES OF EXPOT BUSINESS Creating goodwill between nations with divergent interests. Exchange of goods unavailable overseas Enhance domestic competitiveness Increase sales and profits Gain global market share Exploit corporate technology and know-how Extend sales potential of existing product Stabilize seasonal market fluctuations Enhance potential for corporate expansion Sell excess production capacity Gain information about foreign competition CHALLENGES IN EXPOT BUSINESS Political and commercial risk Compliance to foreign regulations and standards cultural and language differences Non payment by foreign buyer Currency exchange rates Damage to goods in transit intellectual property rights